---
title: "Actors and Modules"
description: "The ƿit execution model"
weight: 20
type: "docs"
---

ƿit organizes code into two types of scripts: **modules** (`.cm`) and **actors** (`.ce`).

## The Actor Model

ƿit is built on the actor model of computation. Each actor:

- Has its own **isolated memory** — actors never share state
- Runs to completion each **turn** — no preemption
- Performs its own **garbage collection**
- Communicates only through **message passing**

This isolation makes concurrent programming safer and more predictable.

## Modules (.cm)

A module is a script that **returns a value**. The returned value is cached and frozen (made stone).

```javascript
// math_utils.cm
var math = use('math/radians')

var distance = function(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
  var dx = x2 - x1
  var dy = y2 - y1
  return math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
}

var midpoint = function(x1, y1, x2, y2) {
  return {
    x: (x1 + x2) / 2,
    y: (y1 + y2) / 2
  }
}

return {
  distance: distance,
  midpoint: midpoint
}
```

**Key properties:**

- **Must return a value** — it's an error not to
- **Executed once per actor** — subsequent `use()` calls return the cached value
- **Return value is stone** — immutable, safe to share
- Modules can import other modules with `use()`

### Using Modules

```javascript
var utils = use('math_utils')
var d = utils.distance(0, 0, 3, 4)  // 5
```

## Actors (.ce)

An actor is a script that **does not return a value**. It runs as an independent unit of execution.

```javascript
// worker.ce
print("Worker started")

$receiver(function(msg) {
  print("Received:", msg)
  send(msg, {status: "ok"})
})
```

**Key properties:**

- **Must not return a value** — it's an error to return
- Has access to **actor intrinsics** (functions starting with `$`)
- Runs until explicitly stopped or crashes

## Actor Intrinsics

Actors have access to special functions prefixed with `$`:

### $self

Reference to the current actor. This is a stone (immutable) actor object.

```javascript
print($self)            // actor reference
print(is_actor($self))  // true
```

### $overling

Reference to the parent actor that started this actor. `null` for the root actor. Child actors are automatically coupled to their overling — if the parent dies, the child dies too.

```javascript
if ($overling != null) {
  send($overling, {status: "ready"})
}
```

### $stop()

Stop the current actor. When called with an actor argument, stops that underling (child) instead.

```javascript
$stop()          // stop self
$stop(child)     // stop a child actor
```

### $start(callback, program)

Start a new child actor from a script. The callback receives lifecycle events:

- `{type: "greet", actor: <ref>}` — child started successfully
- `{type: "stop"}` — child stopped cleanly
- `{type: "disrupt", reason: ...}` — child crashed

```javascript
$start(function(event) {
  if (event.type == 'greet') {
    print("Child started:", event.actor)
    send(event.actor, {task: "work"})
  }
  if (event.type == 'stop') {
    print("Child stopped")
  }
  if (event.type == 'disrupt') {
    print("Child crashed:", event.reason)
  }
}, "worker")
```

### $delay(callback, seconds)

Schedule a callback after a delay. Returns a cancel function that can be called to prevent the callback from firing.

```javascript
var cancel = $delay(function() {
  print("5 seconds later")
}, 5)

// To cancel before it fires:
cancel()
```

### $clock(callback)

Get called every frame/tick. The callback receives the current time as a number.

```javascript
$clock(function(t) {
  // called each tick with current time
})
```

### $receiver(callback)

Set up a message receiver. The callback is called with the incoming message whenever another actor sends a message to this actor.

To reply to a message, call `send(message, reply_data)` — the message object contains routing information that directs the reply back to the sender.

```javascript
$receiver(function(message) {
  // handle incoming message
  send(message, {status: "ok"})
})
```

### $portal(callback, port)

Open a network port to receive connections from remote actors.

```javascript
$portal(function(connection) {
  // handle new connection
}, 8080)
```

### $contact(callback, record)

Connect to a remote actor at a given address.

```javascript
$contact(function(connection) {
  // connected
}, {host: "example.com", port: 80})
```

### $time_limit(requestor, seconds)

Wrap a requestor with a timeout. Returns a new requestor that will cancel the original and call its callback with a failure if the time limit is exceeded. See [Requestors](/docs/requestors/) for details.

```javascript
var timed = $time_limit(my_requestor, 10)

timed(function(result, reason) {
  // reason will explain timeout if it fires
}, initial_value)
```

### $couple(actor)

Couple the current actor to another actor. When the coupled actor dies, the current actor also dies. Coupling is automatic between a child actor and its overling (parent).

```javascript
$couple(other_actor)
```

### $unneeded(callback, seconds)

Schedule the actor for removal after a specified time. The callback fires when the time elapses.

```javascript
$unneeded(function() {
  // cleanup before removal
}, 30)
```

### $connection(callback, actor, config)

Get information about the connection to another actor. For local actors, returns `{type: "local"}`. For remote actors, returns connection details including latency, bandwidth, and activity.

```javascript
$connection(function(info) {
  if (info.type == "local") {
    print("same machine")
  } else {
    print(info.latency)
  }
}, other_actor, {})
```

## Runtime Functions

These functions are available in actors without the `$` prefix:

### send(actor, message, callback)

Send a message to another actor. The message must be an object record.

The optional callback receives the reply when the recipient responds.

```javascript
send(other_actor, {type: "ping"}, function(reply) {
  print("Got reply:", reply)
})
```

To reply to a received message, pass the message itself as the first argument — it contains routing information:

```javascript
$receiver(function(message) {
  send(message, {result: 42})
})
```

Messages are automatically flattened to plain data.

### is_actor(value)

Returns `true` if the value is an actor reference.

```javascript
if (is_actor(some_value)) {
  send(some_value, {ping: true})
}
```

### log

Logging functions: `log.console(msg)`, `log.error(msg)`, `log.system(msg)`.

### use(path)

Import a module. See [Module Resolution](#module-resolution) below.

### args

Array of command-line arguments passed to the actor.

### sequence(), parallel(), race(), fallback()

Requestor composition functions. See [Requestors](/docs/requestors/) for details.

## Module Resolution

When you call `use('name')`, ƿit searches:

1. **Current package** — files relative to package root
2. **Dependencies** — packages declared in `cell.toml`
3. **Core** — built-in ƿit modules

```javascript
// From within package 'myapp':
use('utils')           // myapp/utils.cm
use('helper/math')     // myapp/helper/math.cm
use('json')            // core json module
use('otherlib/foo')    // dependency 'otherlib', file foo.cm
```

Files in the `internal/` directory are private to the package.

## Example: Simple Actor System

```javascript
// main.ce - Entry point
var config = use('config')

print("Starting application...")

$start(function(event) {
  if (event.type == 'greet') {
    send(event.actor, {task: "process", data: [1, 2, 3]})
  }
  if (event.type == 'stop') {
    print("Worker finished")
    $stop()
  }
}, "worker")

$delay(function() {
  print("Shutting down")
  $stop()
}, 10)
```

```javascript
// worker.ce - Worker actor
$receiver(function(msg) {
  if (msg.task == "process") {
    var result = array(msg.data, function(x) { return x * 2 })
    send(msg, {result: result})
  }
  $stop()
})
```

```javascript
// config.cm - Shared configuration
return {
  debug: true,
  timeout: 30
}
```
