rm push/pop

slow messags
Merge branch 'fix_log_err'
2026-02-26 08:13:18 -06:00 · 2026-02-26 00:56:43 -06:00 · 2026-02-25 23:30:36 -06:00 · 2026-02-25 23:30:32 -06:00 · 2026-02-25 23:29:37 -06:00
66 changed files with 20093 additions and 19706 deletions
--- a/audit.ce
+++ b/audit.ce
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ var run = function() {
    total_scripts = total_scripts + result.total

    arrfor(result.errors, function(e) {
-      push(all_failures, p + ": " + e)
+      all_failures[] = p + ": " + e
    })

    // Check use() resolution
    resolution = shop.audit_use_resolution(p)
    arrfor(resolution.unresolved, function(u) {
-      push(all_unresolved, p + '/' + u.script + ": use('" + u.module + "') cannot be resolved")
+      all_unresolved[] = p + '/' + u.script + ": use('" + u.module + "') cannot be resolved"
    })
  })

--- a/bench.ce
+++ b/bench.ce
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ function strip_mode_flags() {
    } else if (a == '--compare') {
      bench_mode = "compare"
    } else {
-      push(filtered, a)
+      filtered[] = a
    }
  })
  _args = filtered
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ function collect_benches(package_name, specific_bench) {
        match_base = ends_with(match_name, '.cm') ? text(match_name, 0, -3) : match_name
        if (bench_name != match_base) return
      }
-      push(bench_files, f)
+      bench_files[] = f
    }
  })
  return bench_files
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ function run_single_bench(bench_fn, bench_name) {
      if (teardown_fn) teardown_fn(state)

      ns_per_op = is_batch ? duration / batch_size : duration
-      push(timings_per_op, ns_per_op)
+      timings_per_op[] = ns_per_op
    } else {
      start = os.now()
      if (is_batch) {
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ function run_single_bench(bench_fn, bench_name) {
      duration = os.now() - start

      ns_per_op = is_batch ? duration / batch_size : duration
-      push(timings_per_op, ns_per_op)
+      timings_per_op[] = ns_per_op
    }
  }

@@ -442,11 +442,11 @@ function load_bench_module(f, package_name, mode) {
 function collect_bench_fns(bench_mod) {
  var benches = []
  if (is_function(bench_mod)) {
-    push(benches, {name: 'main', fn: bench_mod})
+    benches[] = {name: 'main', fn: bench_mod}
  } else if (is_object(bench_mod)) {
    arrfor(array(bench_mod), function(k) {
      if (is_function(bench_mod[k]))
-        push(benches, {name: k, fn: bench_mod[k]})
+        benches[] = {name: k, fn: bench_mod[k]}
    })
  }
  return benches
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ function run_benchmarks(package_name, specific_bench) {
            result = run_single_bench(b.fn, b.name)
            result.package = pkg_result.package
            result.mode = bench_mode == "compare" ? "bytecode" : bench_mode
-            push(file_result.benchmarks, result)
+            file_result.benchmarks[] = result
            pkg_result.total++

            log.console(`    ${result.name}`)
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ function run_benchmarks(package_name, specific_bench) {
                  nat_result = run_single_bench(native_benches[nat_b].fn, b.name)
                  nat_result.package = pkg_result.package
                  nat_result.mode = "native"
-                  push(file_result.benchmarks, nat_result)
+                  file_result.benchmarks[] = nat_result
                  pkg_result.total++
                  print_bench_result(nat_result, "native ")

@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ function run_benchmarks(package_name, specific_bench) {
              name: b.name,
              error: "benchmark disrupted"
            }
-            push(file_result.benchmarks, error_result)
+            file_result.benchmarks[] = error_result
            pkg_result.total++
          }
        })
@@ -586,12 +586,12 @@ function run_benchmarks(package_name, specific_bench) {
        name: "load_module",
        error: "error loading module"
      }
-      push(file_result.benchmarks, error_result)
+      file_result.benchmarks[] = error_result
      pkg_result.total++
    }

    if (length(file_result.benchmarks) > 0) {
-      push(pkg_result.files, file_result)
+      pkg_result.files[] = file_result
    }
  })

@@ -604,15 +604,15 @@ var packages = null

 if (all_pkgs) {
  if (testlib.is_valid_package('.')) {
-    push(all_results, run_benchmarks(null, null))
+    all_results[] = run_benchmarks(null, null)
  }

  packages = shop.list_packages()
  arrfor(packages, function(p) {
-    push(all_results, run_benchmarks(p, null))
+    all_results[] = run_benchmarks(p, null)
  })
 } else {
-  push(all_results, run_benchmarks(target_pkg, target_bench))
+  all_results[] = run_benchmarks(target_pkg, target_bench)
 }

 // Calculate totals
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ Total benchmarks: ${total_benches}
    var pkg_benches = []
    arrfor(pkg_res.files, function(f) {
      arrfor(f.benchmarks, function(benchmark) {
-        push(pkg_benches, benchmark)
+        pkg_benches[] = benchmark
      })
    })

--- a/benches/actor_patterns.cm
+++ b/benches/actor_patterns.cm
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ function send(mailbox, msg) {
 function receive(mailbox) {
  if (length(mailbox.queue) == 0) return null
  mailbox.delivered++
-  return pop(mailbox.queue)
+  return mailbox.queue[]
 }

 function drain(mailbox) {
  var count = 0
  while (length(mailbox.queue) > 0) {
-    pop(mailbox.queue)
+    mailbox.queue[]
    count++
  }
  return count
--- a/benches/cli_tool.cm
+++ b/benches/cli_tool.cm
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ function generate_records(n) {
  var dept_vals = ["eng", "sales", "ops", "hr", "marketing"]
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    x = ((x * 1103515245 + 12345) & 0x7FFFFFFF) | 0
-    push(records, {
+    records[] = {
      id: i + 1,
      name: `user_${i}`,
      score: (x % 1000) / 10,
      status: status_vals[i % 4],
      department: dept_vals[i % 5]
-    })
+    }
  }
  return records
 }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function filter_records(records, field, value) {
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < length(records); i++) {
    if (records[i][field] == value) {
-      push(result, records[i])
+      result[] = records[i]
    }
  }
  return result
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ function group_by(records, field) {
    key = records[i][field]
    if (!key) key = "unknown"
    if (!groups[key]) groups[key] = []
-    push(groups[key], records[i])
+    groups[key][] = records[i]
  }
  return groups
 }
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ function aggregate(groups) {
      if (grp[j].score < mn) mn = grp[j].score
      if (grp[j].score > mx) mx = grp[j].score
    }
-    push(result, {
+    result[] = {
      group: keys[i],
      count: length(grp),
      average: total / length(grp),
      low: mn,
      high: mx
-    })
+    }
  }
  return result
 }
--- a/benches/deltablue.cm
+++ b/benches/deltablue.cm
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ function build_chain(n) {
  var constraints = []
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    push(vars, make_variable(`v${i}`, 0))
+    vars[] = make_variable(`v${i}`, 0)
  }

  // Set first variable
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ function build_chain(n) {
      self.variables[1].value = self.variables[0].value + 1
      self.output = self.variables[1]
    })
-    push(constraints, c)
-    push(vars[i].constraints, c)
+    constraints[] = c
+    vars[i].constraints[] = c
  }

  return {vars: vars, constraints: constraints}
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ function build_projection(n) {
  var constraints = []
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-    push(src, make_variable(`src${i}`, i * 10))
-    push(dst, make_variable(`dst${i}`, 0))
+    src[] = make_variable(`src${i}`, i * 10)
+    dst[] = make_variable(`dst${i}`, 0)
  }

  var scale_c = null
@@ -93,8 +93,8 @@ function build_projection(n) {
      self.variables[1].value = self.variables[0].value * 2 + 1
      self.output = self.variables[1]
    })
-    push(constraints, scale_c)
-    push(dst[i].constraints, scale_c)
+    constraints[] = scale_c
+    dst[i].constraints[] = scale_c
  }

  return {src: src, dst: dst, constraints: constraints}
--- a/benches/hash_workload.cm
+++ b/benches/hash_workload.cm
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ function make_words(count) {
  var words = []
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    push(words, base_words[i % length(base_words)])
+    words[] = base_words[i % length(base_words)]
  }
  return words
 }
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function top_n(freq, n) {
  var pairs = []
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < length(keys); i++) {
-    push(pairs, {word: keys[i], count: freq[keys[i]]})
+    pairs[] = {word: keys[i], count: freq[keys[i]]}
  }
  var sorted = sort(pairs, "count")
  // Return last N (highest counts)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ function top_n(freq, n) {
  var start = length(sorted) - n
  if (start < 0) start = 0
  for (i = start; i < length(sorted); i++) {
-    push(result, sorted[i])
+    result[] = sorted[i]
  }
  return result
 }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ function group_by_length(words) {
    w = words[i]
    k = text(length(w))
    if (!groups[k]) groups[k] = []
-    push(groups[k], w)
+    groups[k][] = w
  }
  return groups
 }
--- a/benches/json_walk.cm
+++ b/benches/json_walk.cm
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ function make_array_data(size) {
  var arr = []
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-    push(arr, {
+    arr[] = {
      id: i,
      name: `item_${i}`,
      active: i % 2 == 0,
      score: i * 1.5,
      tags: [`tag_${i % 5}`, `tag_${(i + 1) % 5}`]
-    })
+    }
  }
  return arr
 }
--- a/benches/micro_core.cm
+++ b/benches/micro_core.cm
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ function make_obj_yx(x, y) {
 function make_packed_array(n) {
  var a = []
  var i = 0
-  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) push(a, i)
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) a[] = i
  return a
 }

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ return {
    var a = null
    for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
      a = []
-      for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) push(a, i)
+      for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) a[] = i
      x = (x + length(a)) | 0
    }
    return blackhole(sink, x)
--- a/benches/micro_ops.cm
+++ b/benches/micro_ops.cm
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ return {
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      push(a, i)
      if (length(a) > 64) {
-        v = pop(a)
+        v = a[]
        x = (x + v) | 0
      }
    }
--- a/benches/module_load.cm
+++ b/benches/module_load.cm
@@ -16,21 +16,21 @@ function tokenize(src) {
    ch = chars[i]
    if (ch == " " || ch == "\n" || ch == "\t") {
      if (length(buf) > 0) {
-        push(tokens, buf)
+        tokens[] = buf
        buf = ""
      }
    } else if (ch == "(" || ch == ")" || ch == "+" || ch == "-"
            || ch == "*" || ch == "=" || ch == ";" || ch == ",") {
      if (length(buf) > 0) {
-        push(tokens, buf)
+        tokens[] = buf
        buf = ""
      }
-      push(tokens, ch)
+      tokens[] = ch
    } else {
      buf = buf + ch
    }
  }
-  if (length(buf) > 0) push(tokens, buf)
+  if (length(buf) > 0) tokens[] = buf
  return tokens
 }

@@ -49,21 +49,21 @@ function parse_tokens(tokens) {
      i++ // skip =
      i++
      if (i < length(tokens)) node.value = tokens[i]
-      push(ast, node)
+      ast[] = node
    } else if (tok == "return") {
      node = {type: "return", value: null}
      i++
      if (i < length(tokens)) node.value = tokens[i]
-      push(ast, node)
+      ast[] = node
    } else if (tok == "function") {
      node = {type: "func", name: null, body: []}
      i++
      if (i < length(tokens)) node.name = tokens[i]
      // Skip to matching )
      while (i < length(tokens) && tokens[i] != ")") i++
-      push(ast, node)
+      ast[] = node
    } else {
-      push(ast, {type: "expr", value: tok})
+      ast[] = {type: "expr", value: tok}
    }
  }
  return ast
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ function simulate_build(n_modules, deps_per_module) {
  // Generate all module sources
  for (i = 0; i < n_modules; i++) {
    src = generate_module(i, deps_per_module)
-    push(modules, src)
+    modules[] = src
  }

  // "Load" each module: tokenize → parse → evaluate
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ function topo_sort(n_modules, deps_per_module) {
    for (j = 0; j < deps_per_module; j++) {
      if (j < i) {
        dep = "mod_" + text(j)
-        push(adj[dep], name)
+        adj[dep][] = name
        in_degree[name] = in_degree[name] + 1
      }
    }
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ function topo_sort(n_modules, deps_per_module) {
  var queue = []
  var keys = array(in_degree)
  for (i = 0; i < length(keys); i++) {
-    if (in_degree[keys[i]] == 0) push(queue, keys[i])
+    if (in_degree[keys[i]] == 0) queue[] = keys[i]
  }

  var order = []
@@ -193,12 +193,12 @@ function topo_sort(n_modules, deps_per_module) {
  while (qi < length(queue)) {
    current = queue[qi]
    qi++
-    push(order, current)
+    order[] = current
    neighbors = adj[current]
    if (neighbors) {
      for (i = 0; i < length(neighbors); i++) {
        in_degree[neighbors[i]] = in_degree[neighbors[i]] - 1
-        if (in_degree[neighbors[i]] == 0) push(queue, neighbors[i])
+        if (in_degree[neighbors[i]] == 0) queue[] = neighbors[i]
      }
    }
  }
--- a/benches/sorting.cm
+++ b/benches/sorting.cm
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ function make_random_array(n, seed) {
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    x = ((x * 1103515245 + 12345) & 0x7FFFFFFF) | 0
-    push(a, x % 10000)
+    a[] = x % 10000
  }
  return a
 }
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ function make_random_array(n, seed) {
 function make_descending(n) {
  var a = []
  var i = 0
-  for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) push(a, i)
+  for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) a[] = i
  return a
 }

@@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ function merge(a, b) {
  var j = 0
  while (i < length(a) && j < length(b)) {
    if (a[i] <= b[j]) {
-      push(result, a[i])
+      result[] = a[i]
      i++
    } else {
-      push(result, b[j])
+      result[] = b[j]
      j++
    }
  }
  while (i < length(a)) {
-    push(result, a[i])
+    result[] = a[i]
    i++
  }
  while (j < length(b)) {
-    push(result, b[j])
+    result[] = b[j]
    j++
  }
  return result
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ function sort_records(n) {
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    x = ((x * 1103515245 + 12345) & 0x7FFFFFFF) | 0
-    push(records, {id: i, score: x % 10000, name: `item_${i}`})
+    records[] = {id: i, score: x % 10000, name: `item_${i}`}
  }
  return sort(records, "score")
 }
--- a/benches/string_processing.cm
+++ b/benches/string_processing.cm
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ function build_index(txt) {
    if (!index[w]) {
      index[w] = []
    }
-    push(index[w], i)
+    index[w][] = i
  }
  return index
 }
--- a/benches/tree_ops.cm
+++ b/benches/tree_ops.cm
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ function tree_map(node, fn) {
 function tree_flatten(node, result) {
  if (!node) return null
  tree_flatten(node.left, result)
-  push(result, node.val)
+  result[] = node.val
  tree_flatten(node.right, result)
  return null
 }
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ return {
    // Build a balanced BST of 1024 elements
    var data = []
    var i = 0
-    for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++) push(data, i)
+    for (i = 0; i < 1024; i++) data[] = i
    var bst = build_balanced(data, 0, 1023)
    var found = 0
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
--- a/benchmarks/js_perf.ce
+++ b/benchmarks/js_perf.ce
@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ function benchArrayOps() {
    var arr = [];
    var j = 0
    for (j = 0; j < iterations.medium; j++) {
-      push(arr, j);
+      arr[] = j;
    }
  });

  var arr = [];
-  for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) push(arr, i);
+  for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) arr[] = i;

  var accessTime = measureTime(function() {
    var sum = 0;
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ function benchStringOps() {
  });

  for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-    push(strings, "string" + i);
+    strings[] = "string" + i;
  }

  var joinTime = measureTime(function() {
@@ -261,13 +261,13 @@ function benchClosures() {
    var funcs = [];
    var j = 0
    for (j = 0; j < iterations.medium; j++) {
-      push(funcs, makeAdder(j));
+      funcs[] = makeAdder(j);
    }
  });

  var adders = [];
  for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
-    push(adders, makeAdder(i));
+    adders[] = makeAdder(i);
  }

  var closureCallTime = measureTime(function() {
--- a/benchmarks/nota.ce
+++ b/benchmarks/nota.ce
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ var nll = null
 var oll = null
 for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
  accstr += i;
-  push(newarr, text(i))
+  newarr[] = text(i)
 }
 var jsonDecodeTimes = [];
 var jsonEncodeTimes = [];
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ var notaSizes = [];
 for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    start = os.now();
    jll = json.decode(ll);
-    push(jsonDecodeTimes, (os.now() - start) * 1000);
+    jsonDecodeTimes[] = (os.now() - start) * 1000;

    start = os.now();
    jsonStr = JSON.stringify(jll);
-    push(jsonEncodeTimes, (os.now() - start) * 1000);
+    jsonEncodeTimes[] = (os.now() - start) * 1000;

    start = os.now();
    nll = nota.encode(jll);
-    push(notaEncodeTimes, (os.now() - start) * 1000);
+    notaEncodeTimes[] = (os.now() - start) * 1000;

    start = os.now();
    oll = nota.decode(nll);
-    push(notaDecodeTimes, (os.now() - start) * 1000);
+    notaDecodeTimes[] = (os.now() - start) * 1000;
 }

 function getStats(arr) {
--- a/benchmarks/wota_nota_json.ce
+++ b/benchmarks/wota_nota_json.ce
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ function runBenchmarkForLibrary(lib, bench) {
      for (j = 0; j < length(bench.data); j++) {
        e = lib.encode(bench.data[j]);
        if (i == 0) {
-          push(encodedList, e);
+          encodedList[] = e;
          totalSize += lib.getSize(e);
        }
      }
--- a/boot/bootstrap.cm.mcode
+++ b/boot/bootstrap.cm.mcode
@@ -5251,88 +5251,54 @@
      ["add", 29, 29, 7, 260, 17],
      ["jump", "while_start_360", 260, 17],
      "while_end_361",
-      ["access", 7, "bootstrap: native cache seeded\n", 262, 12],
-      [
-        "access",
-        11,
-        {
-          "name": "os",
-          "kind": "name",
-          "make": "intrinsic"
-        },
-        262,
-        3
-      ],
-      ["is_proxy", 12, 11, 262, 3],
-      ["jump_false", 12, "record_path_368", 262, 3],
-      ["null", 12, 262, 3],
-      ["access", 14, "print", 262, 3],
-      ["array", 31, 0, 262, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 7],
-      ["push", 31, 7, 262, 3],
-      ["frame", 32, 11, 2, 262, 3],
-      ["setarg", 32, 0, 12, 262, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 14],
-      ["setarg", 32, 1, 14, 262, 3],
-      ["setarg", 32, 2, 31, 262, 3],
-      ["invoke", 32, 12, 262, 3],
-      ["jump", "call_done_369", 262, 3],
-      "record_path_368",
-      ["load_field", 14, 11, "print", 262, 3],
-      ["frame", 31, 14, 1, 262, 3],
-      ["setarg", 31, 0, 11, 262, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 7],
-      ["setarg", 31, 1, 7, 262, 3],
-      ["invoke", 31, 12, 262, 3],
-      "call_done_369",
-      ["jump", "if_end_350", 262, 3],
+      ["jump", "if_end_350", 260, 17],
      "if_else_349",
      ["record", 7, 2],
-      ["access", 11, "tokenize", 266, 12],
-      ["store_field", 7, 11, "name", 266, 12],
-      ["access", 11, "tokenize.cm", 266, 30],
-      ["store_field", 7, 11, "path", 266, 30],
+      ["access", 11, "tokenize", 265, 12],
+      ["store_field", 7, 11, "name", 265, 12],
+      ["access", 11, "tokenize.cm", 265, 30],
+      ["store_field", 7, 11, "path", 265, 30],
      ["record", 11, 2],
-      ["access", 12, "parse", 267, 12],
-      ["store_field", 11, 12, "name", 267, 12],
-      ["access", 12, "parse.cm", 267, 27],
-      ["store_field", 11, 12, "path", 267, 27],
+      ["access", 12, "parse", 266, 12],
+      ["store_field", 11, 12, "name", 266, 12],
+      ["access", 12, "parse.cm", 266, 27],
+      ["store_field", 11, 12, "path", 266, 27],
      ["record", 12, 2],
-      ["access", 14, "fold", 268, 12],
-      ["store_field", 12, 14, "name", 268, 12],
-      ["access", 14, "fold.cm", 268, 26],
-      ["store_field", 12, 14, "path", 268, 26],
+      ["access", 14, "fold", 267, 12],
+      ["store_field", 12, 14, "name", 267, 12],
+      ["access", 14, "fold.cm", 267, 26],
+      ["store_field", 12, 14, "path", 267, 26],
      ["record", 14, 2],
-      ["access", 31, "mcode", 269, 12],
-      ["store_field", 14, 31, "name", 269, 12],
-      ["access", 31, "mcode.cm", 269, 27],
-      ["store_field", 14, 31, "path", 269, 27],
+      ["access", 31, "mcode", 268, 12],
+      ["store_field", 14, 31, "name", 268, 12],
+      ["access", 31, "mcode.cm", 268, 27],
+      ["store_field", 14, 31, "path", 268, 27],
      ["record", 31, 2],
-      ["access", 32, "streamline", 270, 12],
-      ["store_field", 31, 32, "name", 270, 12],
-      ["access", 32, "streamline.cm", 270, 32],
-      ["store_field", 31, 32, "path", 270, 32],
+      ["access", 32, "streamline", 269, 12],
+      ["store_field", 31, 32, "name", 269, 12],
+      ["access", 32, "streamline.cm", 269, 32],
+      ["store_field", 31, 32, "path", 269, 32],
      ["record", 32, 2],
-      ["access", 33, "engine", 271, 12],
-      ["store_field", 32, 33, "name", 271, 12],
-      ["access", 33, "internal/engine.cm", 271, 28],
-      ["store_field", 32, 33, "path", 271, 28],
-      ["array", 33, 6, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 7, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 11, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 12, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 14, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 31, 271, 28],
-      ["push", 33, 32, 271, 28],
-      ["move", 28, 33, 271, 28],
-      ["access", 29, 0, 273, 9],
-      "while_start_370",
-      ["length", 7, 28, 274, 23],
-      ["lt", 11, 29, 7, 274, 23],
-      ["jump_false", 11, "while_end_371", 274, 23],
-      ["load_dynamic", 7, 28, 29, 275, 20],
-      ["move", 30, 7, 275, 20],
-      ["load_field", 11, 7, "name", 276, 23],
+      ["access", 33, "engine", 270, 12],
+      ["store_field", 32, 33, "name", 270, 12],
+      ["access", 33, "internal/engine.cm", 270, 28],
+      ["store_field", 32, 33, "path", 270, 28],
+      ["array", 33, 6, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 7, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 11, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 12, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 14, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 31, 270, 28],
+      ["push", 33, 32, 270, 28],
+      ["move", 28, 33, 270, 28],
+      ["access", 29, 0, 272, 9],
+      "while_start_368",
+      ["length", 7, 28, 273, 23],
+      ["lt", 11, 29, 7, 273, 23],
+      ["jump_false", 11, "while_end_369", 273, 23],
+      ["load_dynamic", 7, 28, 29, 274, 20],
+      ["move", 30, 7, 274, 20],
+      ["load_field", 11, 7, "name", 275, 23],
      [
        "access",
        7,
@@ -5341,24 +5307,24 @@
          "kind": "name",
          "make": "intrinsic"
        },
-        276,
+        275,
        33
      ],
-      ["access", 12, "/", 276, 45],
-      ["is_text", 14, 7, 276, 45],
-      ["jump_false", 14, "add_cn_373", 276, 45],
+      ["access", 12, "/", 275, 45],
+      ["is_text", 14, 7, 275, 45],
+      ["jump_false", 14, "add_cn_371", 275, 45],
      "_nop_tc_7",
      "_nop_tc_8",
-      ["concat", 31, 7, 12, 276, 45],
-      ["jump", "add_done_372", 276, 45],
-      "add_cn_373",
-      ["is_num", 14, 7, 276, 45],
-      ["jump_false", 14, "add_err_374", 276, 45],
+      ["concat", 31, 7, 12, 275, 45],
+      ["jump", "add_done_370", 275, 45],
+      "add_cn_371",
+      ["is_num", 14, 7, 275, 45],
+      ["jump_false", 14, "add_err_372", 275, 45],
      "_nop_tc_9",
      "_nop_dj_3",
      "_nop_ucfg_6",
      "_nop_ucfg_7",
-      "add_err_374",
+      "add_err_372",
      [
        "access",
        7,
@@ -5367,38 +5333,38 @@
          "kind": "name",
          "make": "intrinsic"
        },
-        276,
+        275,
        45
      ],
-      ["access", 12, "error", 276, 45],
-      ["access", 14, "cannot apply '+': operands must both be text or both be numbers", 276, 45],
-      ["array", 32, 0, 276, 45],
+      ["access", 12, "error", 275, 45],
+      ["access", 14, "cannot apply '+': operands must both be text or both be numbers", 275, 45],
+      ["array", 32, 0, 275, 45],
      ["stone_text", 14],
-      ["push", 32, 14, 276, 45],
-      ["frame", 14, 7, 2, 276, 45],
-      ["null", 7, 276, 45],
-      ["setarg", 14, 0, 7, 276, 45],
+      ["push", 32, 14, 275, 45],
+      ["frame", 14, 7, 2, 275, 45],
+      ["null", 7, 275, 45],
+      ["setarg", 14, 0, 7, 275, 45],
      ["stone_text", 12],
-      ["setarg", 14, 1, 12, 276, 45],
-      ["setarg", 14, 2, 32, 276, 45],
-      ["invoke", 14, 7, 276, 45],
-      ["disrupt", 276, 45],
-      "add_done_372",
-      ["load_field", 7, 30, "path", 276, 51],
+      ["setarg", 14, 1, 12, 275, 45],
+      ["setarg", 14, 2, 32, 275, 45],
+      ["invoke", 14, 7, 275, 45],
+      ["disrupt", 275, 45],
+      "add_done_370",
+      ["load_field", 7, 30, "path", 275, 51],
      "_nop_tc_4",
      "_nop_tc_5",
-      ["is_text", 12, 7, 276, 51],
-      ["jump_false", 12, "add_cn_376", 276, 51],
-      ["concat", 12, 31, 7, 276, 51],
-      ["jump", "add_done_375", 276, 51],
-      "add_cn_376",
+      ["is_text", 12, 7, 275, 51],
+      ["jump_false", 12, "add_cn_374", 275, 51],
+      ["concat", 12, 31, 7, 275, 51],
+      ["jump", "add_done_373", 275, 51],
+      "add_cn_374",
      "_nop_tc_6",
-      ["jump", "add_err_377", 276, 51],
+      ["jump", "add_err_375", 275, 51],
      "_nop_ucfg_5",
      "_nop_ucfg_6",
      "_nop_ucfg_7",
      "_nop_ucfg_8",
-      "add_err_377",
+      "add_err_375",
      [
        "access",
        7,
@@ -5407,71 +5373,37 @@
          "kind": "name",
          "make": "intrinsic"
        },
-        276,
+        275,
        51
      ],
-      ["access", 14, "error", 276, 51],
-      ["access", 31, "cannot apply '+': operands must both be text or both be numbers", 276, 51],
-      ["array", 32, 0, 276, 51],
+      ["access", 14, "error", 275, 51],
+      ["access", 31, "cannot apply '+': operands must both be text or both be numbers", 275, 51],
+      ["array", 32, 0, 275, 51],
      ["stone_text", 31],
-      ["push", 32, 31, 276, 51],
-      ["frame", 31, 7, 2, 276, 51],
-      ["null", 7, 276, 51],
-      ["setarg", 31, 0, 7, 276, 51],
+      ["push", 32, 31, 275, 51],
+      ["frame", 31, 7, 2, 275, 51],
+      ["null", 7, 275, 51],
+      ["setarg", 31, 0, 7, 275, 51],
      ["stone_text", 14],
-      ["setarg", 31, 1, 14, 276, 51],
-      ["setarg", 31, 2, 32, 276, 51],
-      ["invoke", 31, 7, 276, 51],
-      ["disrupt", 276, 51],
-      "add_done_375",
-      ["frame", 7, 10, 2, 276, 5],
-      ["setarg", 7, 1, 11, 276, 5],
+      ["setarg", 31, 1, 14, 275, 51],
+      ["setarg", 31, 2, 32, 275, 51],
+      ["invoke", 31, 7, 275, 51],
+      ["disrupt", 275, 51],
+      "add_done_373",
+      ["frame", 7, 10, 2, 275, 5],
+      ["setarg", 7, 1, 11, 275, 5],
      ["stone_text", 12],
-      ["setarg", 7, 2, 12, 276, 5],
-      ["invoke", 7, 11, 276, 5],
-      ["access", 7, 1, 277, 17],
-      ["add", 29, 29, 7, 277, 17],
-      ["jump", "while_start_370", 277, 17],
-      "while_end_371",
-      ["access", 7, "bootstrap: cache seeded\n", 279, 12],
-      [
-        "access",
-        10,
-        {
-          "name": "os",
-          "kind": "name",
-          "make": "intrinsic"
-        },
-        279,
-        3
-      ],
-      ["is_proxy", 11, 10, 279, 3],
-      ["jump_false", 11, "record_path_378", 279, 3],
-      ["null", 11, 279, 3],
-      ["access", 12, "print", 279, 3],
-      ["array", 14, 0, 279, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 7],
-      ["push", 14, 7, 279, 3],
-      ["frame", 28, 10, 2, 279, 3],
-      ["setarg", 28, 0, 11, 279, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 12],
-      ["setarg", 28, 1, 12, 279, 3],
-      ["setarg", 28, 2, 14, 279, 3],
-      ["invoke", 28, 11, 279, 3],
-      ["jump", "call_done_379", 279, 3],
-      "record_path_378",
-      ["load_field", 12, 10, "print", 279, 3],
-      ["frame", 14, 12, 1, 279, 3],
-      ["setarg", 14, 0, 10, 279, 3],
-      ["stone_text", 7],
-      ["setarg", 14, 1, 7, 279, 3],
-      ["invoke", 14, 11, 279, 3],
-      "call_done_379",
+      ["setarg", 7, 2, 12, 275, 5],
+      ["invoke", 7, 11, 275, 5],
+      ["access", 7, 1, 276, 17],
+      ["add", 29, 29, 7, 276, 17],
+      ["jump", "while_start_368", 276, 17],
+      "while_end_369",
      "if_end_350",
-      ["null", 7, 279, 3],
-      ["return", 7, 279, 3]
+      ["null", 7, 276, 17],
+      ["return", 7, 276, 17]
    ],
-    "_write_types": [null, null, null, "bool", null, null, null, null, "function", "function", "function", null, "function", null, null, null, null, null, "function", null, null, null, "function", "function", null, null, "int", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "function", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "text", null, "text", null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "text", null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "array", "int", "bool", null, null, null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "bool", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "int", "text", null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "array", "int", "bool", null, null, null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "bool", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "int", "text", null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "null"],
+    "_write_types": [null, null, null, "bool", null, null, null, null, "function", "function", "function", null, "function", null, null, null, null, null, "function", null, null, null, "function", "function", null, null, "int", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", "function", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, "function", null, null, "text", null, null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "text", null, "text", null, null, null, "null", "text", "array", null, null, null, "text", null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "array", "int", "bool", null, null, null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "bool", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "int", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "record", "text", "text", "array", "int", "bool", null, null, null, "text", "text", "bool", null, null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "bool", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, "int", "null"],
    "nr_args": 0,
    "closure_written": {
      "7": true,
--- a/boot/mcode.cm.mcode
+++ b/boot/mcode.cm.mcode
--- a/boot/qbe_emit.cm.mcode
+++ b/boot/qbe_emit.cm.mcode
@@ -3348,7 +3348,7 @@
    {
      "_closure_slot_types": {},
      "disruption_pc": 0,
-      "nr_slots": 7,
+      "nr_slots": 8,
      "nr_close_slots": 0,
      "instructions": [
        ["get", 2, 14, 2, 1167, 15],
@@ -3356,23 +3356,35 @@
        ["invoke", 3, 2, 1167, 15],
        ["move", 3, 2, 1167, 15],
        ["access", 2, 8, 1, 13],
-        "_nop_tc_1",
-        "_nop_tc_2",
+        ["is_num", 4, 1, 1, 13],
+        ["jump_false", 4, "num_err_160", 1, 13],
        ["multiply", 4, 1, 2, 1, 13],
        ["jump", "num_done_161", 1, 13],
        "num_err_160",
-        "_nop_ucfg_1",
-        "_nop_ucfg_2",
-        "_nop_ucfg_3",
-        "_nop_ucfg_4",
-        "_nop_ucfg_5",
-        "_nop_ucfg_6",
-        "_nop_ucfg_7",
-        "_nop_ucfg_8",
-        "_nop_ucfg_9",
-        "_nop_ucfg_10",
-        "_nop_ucfg_11",
-        "_nop_ucfg_12",
+        [
+          "access",
+          2,
+          {
+            "name": "log",
+            "kind": "name",
+            "make": "intrinsic"
+          },
+          1,
+          13
+        ],
+        ["access", 5, "error", 1, 13],
+        ["access", 6, "operands must be numbers", 1, 13],
+        ["array", 7, 0, 1, 13],
+        ["stone_text", 6],
+        ["push", 7, 6, 1, 13],
+        ["frame", 6, 2, 2, 1, 13],
+        ["null", 2, 1, 13],
+        ["setarg", 6, 0, 2, 1, 13],
+        ["stone_text", 5],
+        ["setarg", 6, 1, 5, 1, 13],
+        ["setarg", 6, 2, 7, 1, 13],
+        ["invoke", 6, 2, 1, 13],
+        ["disrupt", 1, 13],
        "num_done_161",
        [
          "access",
@@ -3459,7 +3471,7 @@
        "_nop_ur_1",
        "_nop_ur_2"
      ],
-      "_write_types": [null, null, null, null, null, null, "int", "num", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null],
+      "_write_types": [null, null, null, null, null, null, "int", "num", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null],
      "name": "<anonymous>",
      "filename": ".cell/packages/core/qbe_emit.cm",
      "nr_args": 1
@@ -3467,7 +3479,7 @@
    {
      "_closure_slot_types": {},
      "disruption_pc": 0,
-      "nr_slots": 9,
+      "nr_slots": 10,
      "nr_close_slots": 0,
      "instructions": [
        ["get", 3, 14, 2, 1174, 15],
@@ -3541,23 +3553,35 @@
        "if_else_162",
        "if_end_163",
        ["access", 5, 8, 1, 13],
-        "_nop_tc_1",
-        "_nop_tc_2",
+        ["is_num", 6, 1, 1, 13],
+        ["jump_false", 6, "num_err_164", 1, 13],
        ["multiply", 6, 1, 5, 1, 13],
        ["jump", "num_done_165", 1, 13],
        "num_err_164",
-        "_nop_ucfg_1",
-        "_nop_ucfg_2",
-        "_nop_ucfg_3",
-        "_nop_ucfg_4",
-        "_nop_ucfg_5",
-        "_nop_ucfg_6",
-        "_nop_ucfg_7",
-        "_nop_ucfg_8",
-        "_nop_ucfg_9",
-        "_nop_ucfg_10",
-        "_nop_ucfg_11",
-        "_nop_ucfg_12",
+        [
+          "access",
+          5,
+          {
+            "name": "log",
+            "kind": "name",
+            "make": "intrinsic"
+          },
+          1,
+          13
+        ],
+        ["access", 7, "error", 1, 13],
+        ["access", 8, "operands must be numbers", 1, 13],
+        ["array", 9, 0, 1, 13],
+        ["stone_text", 8],
+        ["push", 9, 8, 1, 13],
+        ["frame", 8, 5, 2, 1, 13],
+        ["null", 5, 1, 13],
+        ["setarg", 8, 0, 5, 1, 13],
+        ["stone_text", 7],
+        ["setarg", 8, 1, 7, 1, 13],
+        ["setarg", 8, 2, 9, 1, 13],
+        ["invoke", 8, 5, 1, 13],
+        ["disrupt", 1, 13],
        "num_done_165",
        [
          "access",
@@ -3624,7 +3648,7 @@
        ["null", 3, 1181, 7],
        ["return", 3, 1181, 7]
      ],
-      "_write_types": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "text", "bool", null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "int", "num", null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "null"],
+      "_write_types": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, "text", "bool", null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "int", "num", "bool", null, "text", "text", "array", null, null, "null", null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "array", null, "text", null, null, null, null, null, "null"],
      "name": "<anonymous>",
      "filename": ".cell/packages/core/qbe_emit.cm",
      "nr_args": 2
--- a/boot/streamline.cm.mcode
+++ b/boot/streamline.cm.mcode
--- a/build.cm
+++ b/build.cm
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ function replace_sigils(str, pkg_dir) {
 function replace_sigils_array(flags, pkg_dir) {
  var result = []
  arrfor(flags, function(flag) {
-    push(result, replace_sigils(flag, pkg_dir))
+    result[] = replace_sigils(flag, pkg_dir)
  })
  return result
 }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ function bmfst_save(cmd_str, src_path, deps, obj_path) {
  arrfor(deps, function(dep_path) {
    var st = memo_stat(dep_path)
    if (st)
-      push(entries, {p: dep_path, m: st.m, s: st.s})
+      entries[] = {p: dep_path, m: st.m, s: st.s}
  })
  var mf = {o: obj_path, d: entries}
  var mf_path = bmfst_path(cmd_str, src_path)
@@ -191,16 +191,16 @@ function bmfst_save(cmd_str, src_path, deps, obj_path) {

 function bmfst_dl_key(setup, link_info) {
  var parts = [setup.cmd_str, setup.src_path]
-  push(parts, 'target:' + text(link_info.target))
-  push(parts, 'cc:' + text(link_info.cc))
+  parts[] = 'target:' + text(link_info.target)
+  parts[] = 'cc:' + text(link_info.cc)
  arrfor(link_info.extra_objects, function(obj) {
-    if (obj != null) push(parts, 'extra:' + text(obj))
+    if (obj != null) parts[] = 'extra:' + text(obj)
  })
  arrfor(link_info.ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(parts, 'ldflag:' + text(flag))
+    parts[] = 'ldflag:' + text(flag)
  })
  arrfor(link_info.target_ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(parts, 'target_ldflag:' + text(flag))
+    parts[] = 'target_ldflag:' + text(flag)
  })
  return text(parts, '\n')
 }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ function bmfst_dl_save(setup, link_info, deps, dylib_path) {
  arrfor(deps, function(dep_path) {
    var st = memo_stat(dep_path)
    if (st)
-      push(entries, {p: dep_path, m: st.m, s: st.s})
+      entries[] = {p: dep_path, m: st.m, s: st.s}
  })
  var mf = {dylib: dylib_path, d: entries}
  var mf_path = cache_path(bmfst_dl_key(setup, link_info), SALT_BMFST_DL)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ function get_c_deps(cc, flags, src_path) {
  var dep_file = '/tmp/cell_deps_' + content_hash(src_path) + '.d'
  var dep_cmd = [cc, '-MM', '-MG', '-MF', '"' + dep_file + '"']
  dep_cmd = array(dep_cmd, flags)
-  push(dep_cmd, '"' + src_path + '"')
+  dep_cmd[] = '"' + src_path + '"'
  var ret = os.system(text(dep_cmd, ' ') + ' 2>/dev/null')
  if (ret != 0) return [src_path]
  if (!fd.is_file(dep_file)) return [src_path]
@@ -274,9 +274,9 @@ function hash_all_deps(cmd_str, deps) {
  arrfor(deps, function(dep_path) {
    var content = memo_read(dep_path)
    if (content != null)
-      push(parts, dep_path + '\n' + content)
+      parts[] = dep_path + '\n' + content
    else
-      push(parts, dep_path + '\n<missing>')
+      parts[] = dep_path + '\n<missing>'
  })
  return text(parts, '\n')
 }
@@ -310,16 +310,16 @@ function compile_setup(pkg, file, target, opts) {
    common_flags = array(common_flags, ['-Os', '-DNDEBUG'])
  }

-  push(common_flags, '-DCELL_USE_NAME=' + sym_name)
-  push(common_flags, '-I"' + pkg_dir + '"')
+  common_flags[] = '-DCELL_USE_NAME=' + sym_name
+  common_flags[] = '-I"' + pkg_dir + '"'

  if (fd.is_dir(pkg_dir + '/include')) {
-    push(common_flags, '-I"' + pkg_dir + '/include"')
+    common_flags[] = '-I"' + pkg_dir + '/include"'
  }

  if (pkg != 'core') {
    core_dir = shop.get_package_dir('core')
-    push(common_flags, '-I"' + core_dir + '/source"')
+    common_flags[] = '-I"' + core_dir + '/source"'
  }

  arrfor(cflags, function(flag) {
@@ -331,16 +331,16 @@ function compile_setup(pkg, file, target, opts) {
        f = '-I"' + pkg_dir + '/' + ipath + '"'
      }
    }
-    push(common_flags, f)
+    common_flags[] = f
  })

  arrfor(target_cflags, function(flag) {
-    push(common_flags, flag)
+    common_flags[] = flag
  })

  var cmd_parts = [cc, '-c', '-fPIC']
  cmd_parts = array(cmd_parts, common_flags)
-  push(cmd_parts, '"' + src_path + '"')
+  cmd_parts[] = '"' + src_path + '"'

  return {
    cmd_str: text(cmd_parts, ' '),
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ Build.build_package = function(pkg, target, exclude_main, buildtype) {

  arrfor(c_files, function(file) {
    var obj = Build.compile_file(pkg, file, _target, {buildtype: _buildtype, cflags: cached_cflags})
-    push(objects, obj)
+    objects[] = obj
  })
  
  return objects
@@ -527,16 +527,16 @@ Build.build_package = function(pkg, target, exclude_main, buildtype) {
 // link_opts: {extra_objects, ldflags, target_ldflags, target, cc}
 function compute_dylib_content(full_content, link_opts) {
  var parts = [full_content]
-  push(parts, 'target:' + text(link_opts.target))
-  push(parts, 'cc:' + text(link_opts.cc))
+  parts[] = 'target:' + text(link_opts.target)
+  parts[] = 'cc:' + text(link_opts.cc)
  arrfor(link_opts.extra_objects, function(obj) {
-    if (obj != null) push(parts, 'extra:' + text(obj))
+    if (obj != null) parts[] = 'extra:' + text(obj)
  })
  arrfor(link_opts.ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(parts, 'ldflag:' + text(flag))
+    parts[] = 'ldflag:' + text(flag)
  })
  arrfor(link_opts.target_ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(parts, 'target_ldflag:' + text(flag))
+    parts[] = 'target_ldflag:' + text(flag)
  })
  return text(parts, '\n')
 }
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ Build.build_module_dylib = function(pkg, file, target, opts) {
        f = '-L"' + setup.pkg_dir + '/' + lpath + '"'
      }
    }
-    push(resolved_ldflags, f)
+    resolved_ldflags[] = f
  })

  var build_dir = get_build_dir()
@@ -683,18 +683,18 @@ Build.build_module_dylib = function(pkg, file, target, opts) {
      '-Wl,-rpath,' + local_dir
    ])
  } else if (tc.system == 'windows') {
-    push(cmd_parts, '-Wl,--allow-shlib-undefined')
+    cmd_parts[] = '-Wl,--allow-shlib-undefined'
  }

-  push(cmd_parts, '-L"' + local_dir + '"')
-  push(cmd_parts, '"' + text(obj) + '"')
+  cmd_parts[] = '-L"' + local_dir + '"'
+  cmd_parts[] = '"' + text(obj) + '"'
  arrfor(_extra, function(extra_obj) {
-    if (extra_obj != null) push(cmd_parts, '"' + text(extra_obj) + '"')
+    if (extra_obj != null) cmd_parts[] = '"' + text(extra_obj) + '"'
  })
  cmd_parts = array(cmd_parts, resolved_ldflags)
  cmd_parts = array(cmd_parts, target_ldflags)
-  push(cmd_parts, '-o')
-  push(cmd_parts, '"' + dylib_path + '"')
+  cmd_parts[] = '-o'
+  cmd_parts[] = '"' + dylib_path + '"'

  cmd_str = text(cmd_parts, ' ')
  if (_opts.verbose) log.build('[verbose] link: ' + cmd_str)
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ Build.compile_c_module = function(pkg, file, target, opts) {
  if (pkg != 'core') {
    arrfor(sources, function(src_file) {
      var obj = Build.compile_file(pkg, src_file, _target, {buildtype: _buildtype, cflags: cached_cflags})
-      if (obj != null) push(support_objects, obj)
+      if (obj != null) support_objects[] = obj
    })
  }

@@ -767,27 +767,23 @@ Build.build_dynamic = function(pkg, target, buildtype, opts) {
  if (pkg != 'core') {
    arrfor(sources, function(src_file) {
      var obj = Build.compile_file(pkg, src_file, _target, {buildtype: _buildtype, cflags: cached_cflags, verbose: _opts.verbose, force: _opts.force})
-      if (obj != null) push(support_objects, obj)
+      if (obj != null) support_objects[] = obj
    })
  }

-  if (total > 0)
-    os.print('  Building C modules ')
-
  arrfor(c_files, function(file) {
    var sym_name = shop.c_symbol_for_file(pkg, file)
    var dylib = Build.build_module_dylib(pkg, file, _target, {buildtype: _buildtype, extra_objects: support_objects, cflags: cached_cflags, verbose: _opts.verbose, force: _opts.force})
    if (dylib) {
-      push(results, {file: file, symbol: sym_name, dylib: dylib})
+      results[] = {file: file, symbol: sym_name, dylib: dylib}
    } else {
      failed = failed + 1
    }
    done = done + 1
-    os.print('.')
  })

  if (total > 0)
-    os.print(` ${text(done)}/${text(total)}${failed > 0 ? `, ${text(failed)} failed` : ''}\n`)
+    log.build(`  Building C modules (${text(done)} ok${failed > 0 ? `, ${text(failed)} failed` : ''})`)

  // Write manifest so runtime can find dylibs without the build module
  var mpath = manifest_path(pkg)
@@ -818,7 +814,7 @@ Build.build_static = function(packages, target, output, buildtype) {
    var objects = Build.build_package(pkg, _target, !is_core, _buildtype)

    arrfor(objects, function(obj) {
-      push(all_objects, obj)
+      all_objects[] = obj
    })

    // Collect LDFLAGS (with sigil replacement)
@@ -838,7 +834,7 @@ Build.build_static = function(packages, target, output, buildtype) {
            f = '-L"' + pkg_dir + '/' + lpath + '"'
          }
        }
-        push(all_ldflags, f)
+        all_ldflags[] = f
      })
    }
  })
@@ -860,18 +856,18 @@ Build.build_static = function(packages, target, output, buildtype) {
  var cmd_parts = [cc]
  
  arrfor(all_objects, function(obj) {
-    push(cmd_parts, '"' + obj + '"')
+    cmd_parts[] = '"' + obj + '"'
  })
  
  arrfor(all_ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(cmd_parts, flag)
+    cmd_parts[] = flag
  })
  
  arrfor(target_ldflags, function(flag) {
-    push(cmd_parts, flag)
+    cmd_parts[] = flag
  })
  
-  push(cmd_parts, '-o', '"' + out_path + '"')
+  cmd_parts[] = '-o', '"' + out_path + '"'

  var cmd_str = text(cmd_parts, ' ')

@@ -925,7 +921,7 @@ function qbe_insert_dead_labels(il_text) {
    line = lines[i]
    trimmed = trim(line)
    if (need_label && !starts_with(trimmed, '@') && !starts_with(trimmed, '}') && length(trimmed) > 0) {
-      push(result, "@_dead_" + text(dead_id))
+      result[] = "@_dead_" + text(dead_id)
      dead_id = dead_id + 1
      need_label = false
    }
@@ -935,7 +931,7 @@ function qbe_insert_dead_labels(il_text) {
    if (starts_with(trimmed, 'ret ') || starts_with(trimmed, 'jmp ')) {
      need_label = true
    }
-    push(result, line)
+    result[] = line
    i = i + 1
  }
  return text(result, "\n")
@@ -1126,16 +1122,16 @@ Build.compile_cm_to_mach = function(src_path) {
 // output: path to write the generated .c file
 Build.generate_module_table = function(modules, output) {
  var lines = []
-  push(lines, '/* Generated module table — do not edit */')
-  push(lines, '#include <stddef.h>')
-  push(lines, '#include <string.h>')
-  push(lines, '')
-  push(lines, 'struct cell_embedded_entry {')
-  push(lines, '  const char *name;')
-  push(lines, '  const unsigned char *data;')
-  push(lines, '  size_t size;')
-  push(lines, '};')
-  push(lines, '')
+  lines[] = '/* Generated module table — do not edit */'
+  lines[] = '#include <stddef.h>'
+  lines[] = '#include <string.h>'
+  lines[] = ''
+  lines[] = 'struct cell_embedded_entry {'
+  lines[] = '  const char *name;'
+  lines[] = '  const unsigned char *data;'
+  lines[] = '  size_t size;'
+  lines[] = '};'
+  lines[] = ''

  var entries = []
  arrfor(modules, function(mod) {
@@ -1144,27 +1140,27 @@ Build.generate_module_table = function(modules, output) {
    var bytes = array(mach)
    var hex = []
    arrfor(bytes, function(b) {
-      push(hex, '0x' + text(b, 'h2'))
+      hex[] = '0x' + text(b, 'h2')
    })
-    push(lines, 'static const unsigned char mod_' + safe + '_data[] = {')
-    push(lines, '  ' + text(hex, ', '))
-    push(lines, '};')
-    push(lines, '')
-    push(entries, safe)
+    lines[] = 'static const unsigned char mod_' + safe + '_data[] = {'
+    lines[] = '  ' + text(hex, ', ')
+    lines[] = '};'
+    lines[] = ''
+    entries[] = safe
    log.console('Embedded: ' + mod.name + ' (' + text(length(bytes)) + ' bytes)')
  })

  // Lookup function
-  push(lines, 'const struct cell_embedded_entry *cell_embedded_module_lookup(const char *name) {')
+  lines[] = 'const struct cell_embedded_entry *cell_embedded_module_lookup(const char *name) {'
  arrfor(modules, function(mod, i) {
    var safe = entries[i]
-    push(lines, '  if (strcmp(name, "' + mod.name + '") == 0) {')
-    push(lines, '    static const struct cell_embedded_entry e = {"' + mod.name + '", mod_' + safe + '_data, sizeof(mod_' + safe + '_data)};')
-    push(lines, '    return &e;')
-    push(lines, '  }')
+    lines[] = '  if (strcmp(name, "' + mod.name + '") == 0) {'
+    lines[] = '    static const struct cell_embedded_entry e = {"' + mod.name + '", mod_' + safe + '_data, sizeof(mod_' + safe + '_data)};'
+    lines[] = '    return &e;'
+    lines[] = '  }'
  })
-  push(lines, '  return (void *)0;')
-  push(lines, '}')
+  lines[] = '  return (void *)0;'
+  lines[] = '}'

  var c_text = text(lines, '\n')
  fd.slurpwrite(output, stone(blob(c_text)))
@@ -1192,14 +1188,14 @@ Build.build_all_dynamic = function(target, buildtype, opts) {
  // Build core first
  if (find(packages, function(p) { return p == 'core' }) != null) {
    core_mods = Build.build_dynamic('core', _target, _buildtype, _opts)
-    push(results, {package: 'core', modules: core_mods})
+    results[] = {package: 'core', modules: core_mods}
  }

  // Build other packages
  arrfor(packages, function(pkg) {
    if (pkg == 'core') return
    var pkg_mods = Build.build_dynamic(pkg, _target, _buildtype, _opts)
-    push(results, {package: pkg, modules: pkg_mods})
+    results[] = {package: pkg, modules: pkg_mods}
  })

  // Print build report
--- a/cellfs.cm
+++ b/cellfs.cm
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ function mount(source, name) {
        })
      }
    }
-    push(mounts, mount_info)
+    mounts[] = mount_info
    return
  }

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ function mount(source, name) {
    log.error("Unsupported mount source type: " + source); disrupt
  }

-  push(mounts, mount_info)
+  mounts[] = mount_info
 }

 function unmount(name_or_source) {
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ function enumerate(_path, recurse) {
       arrfor(list, function(item) {
          var item_rel = rel_prefix ? rel_prefix + "/" + item : item
          var child_st = null
-          push(results, item_rel)
+          results[] = item_rel

          if (recurse) {
             child_st = fd.stat(fd.join_paths(curr_full, item))
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ function enumerate(_path, recurse) {

                if (!seen[rel]) {
                    seen[rel] = true
-                    push(results, rel)
+                    results[] = rel
                }
            }
        })
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ function globfs(globs, _dir) {
              }
          } else {
              if (!check_neg(item_rel) && check_pos(item_rel)) {
-                  push(results, item_rel)
+                  results[] = item_rel
              }
          }
       })
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ function globfs(globs, _dir) {
                if (length(rel) == 0) return

                if (!check_neg(rel) && check_pos(rel)) {
-                    push(results, rel)
+                    results[] = rel
                }
            }
        })
--- a/cfg.ce
+++ b/cfg.ce
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ var run = function() {
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        if (block_start_pcs[text(pc)]) {
          if (current_block != null) {
-            push(blocks, current_block)
+            blocks[] = current_block
          }
          current_block = {
            id: length(blocks),
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ var run = function() {
        }

        if (current_block != null) {
-          push(current_block.instrs, {pc: pc, instr: instr})
+          current_block.instrs[] = {pc: pc, instr: instr}
          current_block.end_pc = pc
          n = length(instr)
          line_num = instr[n - 2]
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ var run = function() {
      ii = ii + 1
    }
    if (current_block != null) {
-      push(blocks, current_block)
+      blocks[] = current_block
    }

    // Build block index
@@ -235,19 +235,19 @@ var run = function() {
            if (target_bi <= bi) {
              edge_type = "loop back-edge"
            }
-            push(blk.edges, {target: target_bi, kind: edge_type})
+            blk.edges[] = {target: target_bi, kind: edge_type}
          }

          if (is_conditional_jump(last_op)) {
            if (bi + 1 < length(blocks)) {
-              push(blk.edges, {target: bi + 1, kind: "fallthrough"})
+              blk.edges[] = {target: bi + 1, kind: "fallthrough"}
            }
          }
        } else if (is_terminator(last_op)) {
-          push(blk.edges, {target: -1, kind: "EXIT (" + last_op + ")"})
+          blk.edges[] = {target: -1, kind: "EXIT (" + last_op + ")"}
        } else {
          if (bi + 1 < length(blocks)) {
-            push(blk.edges, {target: bi + 1, kind: "fallthrough"})
+            blk.edges[] = {target: bi + 1, kind: "fallthrough"}
          }
        }
      }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ var run = function() {
        parts = []
        j = 1
        while (j < n - 2) {
-          push(parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+          parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
          j = j + 1
        }
        operands = text(parts, ", ")
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ var run = function() {
        parts = []
        j = 1
        while (j < n - 2) {
-          push(parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+          parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
          j = j + 1
        }
        operands = text(parts, ", ")
--- a/clean.ce
+++ b/clean.ce
@@ -93,13 +93,13 @@ if (is_shop_scope) {
  packages_to_clean = shop.list_packages()
 } else {
  // Single package
-  push(packages_to_clean, scope)
+  packages_to_clean[] = scope

  if (deep) {
    _gather = function() {
      deps = pkg.gather_dependencies(scope)
      arrfor(deps, function(dep) {
-        push(packages_to_clean, dep)
+        packages_to_clean[] = dep
      })
    } disruption {
      // Skip if can't read dependencies
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ var packages_dir = replace(shop.get_package_dir(''), /\/$/, '') // Get base pack
 if (clean_build) {
  // Nuke entire build cache (content-addressed, per-package clean impractical)
  if (fd.is_dir(build_dir)) {
-    push(dirs_to_delete, build_dir)
+    dirs_to_delete[] = build_dir
  }
  // Clean orphaned lib/ directory if it exists (legacy)
  if (fd.is_dir(lib_dir)) {
-    push(dirs_to_delete, lib_dir)
+    dirs_to_delete[] = lib_dir
  }
 }

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ if (clean_fetch) {
  if (is_shop_scope) {
    // Clean entire packages directory (dangerous!)
    if (fd.is_dir(packages_dir)) {
-      push(dirs_to_delete, packages_dir)
+      dirs_to_delete[] = packages_dir
    }
  } else {
    // Clean specific package directories
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ if (clean_fetch) {

      var pkg_dir = shop.get_package_dir(p)
      if (fd.is_dir(pkg_dir) || fd.is_link(pkg_dir)) {
-        push(dirs_to_delete, pkg_dir)
+        dirs_to_delete[] = pkg_dir
      }
    })
  }
--- a/diff.ce
+++ b/diff.ce
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ function collect_tests(specific_test) {
        match_base = ends_with(match_name, '.cm') ? text(match_name, 0, -3) : match_name
        if (test_name != match_base) continue
      }
-      push(test_files, f)
+      test_files[] = f
    }
  }
  return test_files
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function diff_test_file(file_path) {
    src = text(fd.slurp(src_path))
    ast = analyze(src, src_path)
  } disruption {
-    push(results.errors, `failed to parse ${file_path}`)
+    results.errors[] = `failed to parse ${file_path}`
    return results
  }
  _read()
@@ -124,14 +124,14 @@ function diff_test_file(file_path) {

  // Compare module-level behavior
  if (opt_error != noopt_error) {
-    push(results.errors, `module load mismatch: opt=${opt_error != null ? opt_error : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_error != null ? noopt_error : "ok"}`)
+    results.errors[] = `module load mismatch: opt=${opt_error != null ? opt_error : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_error != null ? noopt_error : "ok"}`
    results.failed = results.failed + 1
    return results
  }
  if (opt_error != null) {
    // Both disrupted during load — that's consistent
    results.passed = results.passed + 1
-    push(results.tests, {name: "<module>", status: "passed"})
+    results.tests[] = {name: "<module>", status: "passed"}
    return results
  }

@@ -161,15 +161,15 @@ function diff_test_file(file_path) {
        _run_one_noopt()

        if (opt_err != noopt_err) {
-          push(results.tests, {name: k, status: "failed"})
-          push(results.errors, `${k}: disruption mismatch opt=${opt_err != null ? opt_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_err != null ? noopt_err : "ok"}`)
+          results.tests[] = {name: k, status: "failed"}
+          results.errors[] = `${k}: disruption mismatch opt=${opt_err != null ? opt_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_err != null ? noopt_err : "ok"}`
          results.failed = results.failed + 1
        } else if (!values_equal(opt_result, noopt_result)) {
-          push(results.tests, {name: k, status: "failed"})
-          push(results.errors, `${k}: result mismatch opt=${describe(opt_result)} noopt=${describe(noopt_result)}`)
+          results.tests[] = {name: k, status: "failed"}
+          results.errors[] = `${k}: result mismatch opt=${describe(opt_result)} noopt=${describe(noopt_result)}`
          results.failed = results.failed + 1
        } else {
-          push(results.tests, {name: k, status: "passed"})
+          results.tests[] = {name: k, status: "passed"}
          results.passed = results.passed + 1
        }
      }
@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ function diff_test_file(file_path) {
  } else {
    // Compare direct return values
    if (!values_equal(mod_opt, mod_noopt)) {
-      push(results.tests, {name: "<return>", status: "failed"})
-      push(results.errors, `return value mismatch: opt=${describe(mod_opt)} noopt=${describe(mod_noopt)}`)
+      results.tests[] = {name: "<return>", status: "failed"}
+      results.errors[] = `return value mismatch: opt=${describe(mod_opt)} noopt=${describe(mod_noopt)}`
      results.failed = results.failed + 1
    } else {
-      push(results.tests, {name: "<return>", status: "passed"})
+      results.tests[] = {name: "<return>", status: "passed"}
      results.passed = results.passed + 1
    }
  }
--- a/diff_ir.ce
+++ b/diff_ir.ce
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ var run = function() {
    var operands = null
    var line_str = null
    while (j < n - 2) {
-      push(parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+      parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
      j = j + 1
    }
    operands = text(parts, ", ")
--- a/disasm.ce
+++ b/disasm.ce
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ var run = function() {
        parts = []
        j = 1
        while (j < n - 2) {
-          push(parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+          parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
          j = j + 1
        }
        operands = text(parts, ", ")
--- a/fd.cm
+++ b/fd.cm
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fd.globfs = function(globs, dir) {
        }
      } else {
        if (!check_neg(item_rel) && check_pos(item_rel)) {
-          push(results, item_rel)
+          results[] = item_rel
        }
      }
    });
--- a/fold.cm
+++ b/fold.cm
@@ -709,26 +709,26 @@ var fold = function(ast) {
          if (sv != null && sv.nr_uses == 0) {
            if (is_pure(stmt.right)) stmt.dead = true
            if (stmt.right != null && stmt.right.kind == "(" && stmt.right.expression != null && stmt.right.expression.name == "use") {
-              push(ast._diagnostics, {
+              ast._diagnostics[] = {
                severity: "warning",
                line: stmt.left.from_row + 1,
                col: stmt.left.from_column + 1,
                message: `unused import '${name}'`
-              })
+              }
            } else if (stmt.kind == "def") {
-              push(ast._diagnostics, {
+              ast._diagnostics[] = {
                severity: "warning",
                line: stmt.left.from_row + 1,
                col: stmt.left.from_column + 1,
                message: `unused constant '${name}'`
-              })
+              }
            } else {
-              push(ast._diagnostics, {
+              ast._diagnostics[] = {
                severity: "warning",
                line: stmt.left.from_row + 1,
                col: stmt.left.from_column + 1,
                message: `unused variable '${name}'`
-              })
+              }
            }
          }
        }
@@ -742,15 +742,15 @@ var fold = function(ast) {
        sv = scope_var(fn_nr, stmt.name)
        if (sv != null && sv.nr_uses == 0) {
          stmt.dead = true
-          push(ast._diagnostics, {
+          ast._diagnostics[] = {
            severity: "warning",
            line: stmt.from_row + 1,
            col: stmt.from_column + 1,
            message: `unused function '${stmt.name}'`
-          })
+          }
        }
      }
-      if (stmt.dead != true) push(out, stmt)
+      if (stmt.dead != true) out[] = stmt
      i = i + 1
    }
    return out
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ var fold = function(ast) {
    i = 0
    while (i < length(ast.intrinsics)) {
      if (used_intrinsics[ast.intrinsics[i]] == true) {
-        push(new_intrinsics, ast.intrinsics[i])
+        new_intrinsics[] = ast.intrinsics[i]
      }
      i = i + 1
    }
@@ -1071,16 +1071,16 @@ var fold = function(ast) {
      fn_sv = scope_var(0, fn.name)
      if (fn_sv != null && fn_sv.nr_uses == 0) {
        fn.dead = true
-        push(ast._diagnostics, {
+        ast._diagnostics[] = {
          severity: "warning",
          line: fn.from_row + 1,
          col: fn.from_column + 1,
          message: `unused function '${fn.name}'`
-        })
+        }
      }
    }
    if (fn.dead != true) {
-      push(live_fns, fn)
+      live_fns[] = fn
    }
    fi = fi + 1
  }
--- a/fuzz.ce
+++ b/fuzz.ce
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ function run_fuzz(seed_val) {
  var _parse = function() {
    ast = analyze(src, name + ".cm")
  } disruption {
-    push(errors, "parse error")
+    errors[] = "parse error"
  }
  _parse()
  if (length(errors) > 0) return {seed: seed_val, errors: errors, src: src}
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function run_fuzz(seed_val) {

  // Check module-level behavior
  if (opt_err != noopt_err) {
-    push(errors, `module load: opt=${opt_err != null ? opt_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_err != null ? noopt_err : "ok"}`)
+    errors[] = `module load: opt=${opt_err != null ? opt_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_err != null ? noopt_err : "ok"}`
    return {seed: seed_val, errors: errors, src: src}
  }
  if (opt_err != null) {
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ function run_fuzz(seed_val) {
        _run()

        if (is_text(ret)) {
-          push(errors, `self-check ${key}: ${ret}`)
+          errors[] = `self-check ${key}: ${ret}`
        }
        if (run_err != null) {
-          push(errors, `self-check ${key}: unexpected disruption`)
+          errors[] = `self-check ${key}: unexpected disruption`
        }
      }
      k = k + 1
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ function run_fuzz(seed_val) {
        _run_noopt()

        if (opt_fn_err != noopt_fn_err) {
-          push(errors, `diff ${key2}: opt=${opt_fn_err != null ? opt_fn_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_fn_err != null ? noopt_fn_err : "ok"}`)
+          errors[] = `diff ${key2}: opt=${opt_fn_err != null ? opt_fn_err : "ok"} noopt=${noopt_fn_err != null ? noopt_fn_err : "ok"}`
        } else if (!values_equal(opt_result, noopt_result)) {
-          push(errors, `diff ${key2}: opt=${describe(opt_result)} noopt=${describe(noopt_result)}`)
+          errors[] = `diff ${key2}: opt=${describe(opt_result)} noopt=${describe(noopt_result)}`
        }
      }
      k2 = k2 + 1
--- a/fuzzgen.cm
+++ b/fuzzgen.cm
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ function gen_array_test() {
  var v = 0
  while (i < n) {
    v = rand_int(-100, 100)
-    push(vals, v)
+    vals[] = v
    sum = sum + v
    i = i + 1
  }
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ function gen_array_test() {
  var val_strs = []
  i = 0
  while (i < n) {
-    push(val_strs, text(vals[i]))
+    val_strs[] = text(vals[i])
    i = i + 1
  }

--- a/graph.ce
+++ b/graph.ce
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function gather_graph(locator, visited) {
      arrfor(array(deps), function(alias) {
        var dep_locator = deps[alias]
        add_node(dep_locator)
-        push(edges, { from: locator, to: dep_locator, alias: alias })
+        edges[] = { from: locator, to: dep_locator, alias: alias }
        gather_graph(dep_locator, visited)
      })
    }
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ if (show_world) {
  packages = shop.list_packages()
  arrfor(packages, function(p) {
    if (p != 'core') {
-      push(roots, p)
+      roots[] = p
    }
  })
 } else {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ if (show_world) {

  target_locator = shop.resolve_locator(target_locator)

-  push(roots, target_locator)
+  roots[] = target_locator
 }

 arrfor(roots, function(root) {
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ if (format == 'tree') {
    children = []
    arrfor(edges, function(e) {
      if (e.from == locator) {
-        push(children, e)
+        children[] = e
      }
    })

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ if (format == 'tree') {
    children = []
    arrfor(edges, function(e) {
      if (e.from == roots[i]) {
-        push(children, e)
+        children[] = e
      }
    })

@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ if (format == 'tree') {
  }

  arrfor(array(nodes), function(id) {
-    push(output.nodes, nodes[id])
+    output.nodes[] = nodes[id]
  })

  output.edges = edges
--- a/http.cm
+++ b/http.cm
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ function parse_headers(raw) {
  }
 }

-// decode chunked transfer encoding
+// decode chunked transfer encoding (text version, for async responses)
 function decode_chunked(body_text) {
  var result = ""
  var pos = 0
@@ -475,6 +475,37 @@ function decode_chunked(body_text) {
  return result
 }

+// decode chunked transfer encoding (blob version, preserves binary data)
+function decode_chunked_blob(buf, body_start_bytes) {
+  var result = Blob()
+  var pos = body_start_bytes
+  var total_bytes = length(buf) / 8
+  var header_end = null
+  var header_blob = null
+  var header_text = null
+  var crlf_pos = null
+  var chunk_size = null
+  var chunk_data = null
+  while (pos < total_bytes) {
+    header_end = pos + 20
+    if (header_end > total_bytes) header_end = total_bytes
+    header_blob = buf.read_blob(pos * 8, header_end * 8)
+    stone(header_blob)
+    header_text = text(header_blob)
+    crlf_pos = search(header_text, CRLF)
+    if (crlf_pos == null) break
+    chunk_size = number(text(header_text, 0, crlf_pos), 16)
+    if (chunk_size == null || chunk_size == 0) break
+    pos = pos + crlf_pos + 2
+    chunk_data = buf.read_blob(pos * 8, (pos + chunk_size) * 8)
+    stone(chunk_data)
+    result.write_blob(chunk_data)
+    pos = pos + chunk_size + 2
+  }
+  stone(result)
+  return result
+}
+
 // receive_response requestor — async incremental receive
 var receive_response = function(callback, state) {
  var cancelled = false
@@ -650,6 +681,8 @@ var fetch = function(url) {
  var addrs = null
  var address = null
  var ok = true
+  var status_line = null
+  var status_code = null

  if (scheme_end != null) {
    scheme = lower(text(url, 0, scheme_end))
@@ -705,8 +738,16 @@ var fetch = function(url) {
  hdr_end = search(raw_text, CRLF + CRLF)
  if (hdr_end == null) return null
  header_text = text(raw_text, 0, hdr_end)
-  if (search(lower(header_text), "transfer-encoding: chunked") != null)
-    return decode_chunked(text(raw_text, hdr_end + 4))
+  status_line = text(header_text, 0, search(header_text, CRLF) || length(header_text))
+  status_code = number(text(status_line, 9, 12))
+  if (status_code == null || status_code < 200 || status_code >= 300) {
+    log.error("fetch: " + status_line)
+    disrupt
+  }
+  if (search(lower(header_text), "transfer-encoding: chunked") != null) {
+    body = decode_chunked_blob(buf, hdr_end + 4)
+    return body
+  }
  // Headers are ASCII so char offset = byte offset
  body_start_bits = (hdr_end + 4) * 8
  body = buf.read_blob(body_start_bits, length(buf))
--- a/imports.ce
+++ b/imports.ce
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ function trace_imports(file_path, depth) {

      all_packages[imp_pkg] = true

-      push(all_imports, {
+      all_imports[] = {
        from: file_path,
        from_pkg: file_pkg,
        module_path: mod_path,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ function trace_imports(file_path, depth) {
        package: imp_pkg,
        type: imp_type,
        depth: depth
-      })
+      }

      // Recurse into resolved scripts
      if (resolved && (ends_with(resolved, '.cm') || ends_with(resolved, '.ce'))) {
--- a/internal/enet.c
+++ b/internal/enet.c
@@ -14,31 +14,28 @@ static void js_enet_host_finalizer(JSRuntime *rt, JSValue val)
  if (host) enet_host_destroy(host);
 }

-static void js_enet_peer_finalizer(JSRuntime *rt, JSValue val)
+static JSClassDef enet_host_def = {
+  "ENetHost",
+  .finalizer = js_enet_host_finalizer,
+};
+
+static JSClassDef enet_peer_def = {
+  "ENetPeer",
+};
+
+/* Helper: create a JS peer wrapper for an ENetPeer pointer.
+   Fresh wrapper each time — no caching in peer->data. */
+static JSValue peer_wrap(JSContext *ctx, ENetPeer *peer)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (peer && peer->data) {
-    free(peer->data);
-  }
+  JSValue obj = JS_NewObjectClass(ctx, enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (JS_IsException(obj)) return obj;
+  JS_SetOpaque(obj, peer);
+  return obj;
 }

-// Initialize the ENet library. Must be called before using any ENet functionality.
-static JSValue js_enet_initialize(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
-{
-  if (enet_initialize() != 0) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Error initializing ENet");
-  return JS_NULL;
-}
+/* ── Host functions ─────────────────────────────────────────── */

-// Deinitialize the ENet library, cleaning up all resources.
-static JSValue js_enet_deinitialize(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
-{
-  enet_deinitialize();
-  return JS_NULL;
-}
-
-// Create an ENet host for either a client-like unbound host or a server bound to a specific
-// address and port.
-static JSValue js_enet_host_create(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+static JSValue js_enet_create_host(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
  ENetHost *host;
  ENetAddress address;
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ static JSValue js_enet_host_create(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int ar
      int err = enet_address_set_host_ip(&address, addr_str);
      if (err != 0) {
        JS_FreeCString(ctx, addr_str);
-        return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Failed to set host IP from '%s'. Error: %d", addr_str, err);
+        return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Failed to set host IP. Error: %d", err);
      }
    }
    address.port = (enet_uint16)port32;
@@ -103,97 +100,76 @@ wrap:
  return obj;
 }

-// Helper function to get a JSValue for an ENetPeer.
-static JSValue peer_get_value(JSContext *ctx, ENetPeer *peer)
+/* service(host, callback [, timeout]) */
+static JSValue js_enet_service(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  if (!peer->data) {
-    peer->data = malloc(sizeof(JSValue));
-    *(JSValue*)peer->data = JS_NewObjectClass(ctx, enet_peer_class_id);
-    JS_SetOpaque(*(JSValue*)peer->data, peer);
-  }
-  return *(JSValue*)peer->data;
-}
+  if (argc < 2) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "service: expected (host, callback)");

-// Poll for and process any available network events from this host,
-// calling the provided callback for each event.
-static JSValue js_enet_host_service(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
-{
-  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_host_id);
-  if (!host) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "service: invalid host");

-  if (argc < 1 || !JS_IsFunction(argv[0]))
-    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected a callback function as first argument");
+  if (!JS_IsFunction(argv[1]))
+    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "service: expected callback function");

  enet_uint32 timeout_ms = 0;
-  if (argc >= 2 && !JS_IsNull(argv[1])) {
+  if (argc >= 3 && !JS_IsNull(argv[2])) {
    double secs = 0;
-    JS_ToFloat64(ctx, &secs, argv[1]);
+    JS_ToFloat64(ctx, &secs, argv[2]);
    if (secs > 0) timeout_ms = (enet_uint32)(secs * 1000.0);
  }

  JS_FRAME(ctx);
-  JSGCRef event_ref = { .val = JS_NULL, .prev = NULL };
-  JS_PushGCRef(ctx, &event_ref);
+  JS_ROOT(event_obj, JS_NULL);

  ENetEvent event;
  while (enet_host_service(host, &event, timeout_ms) > 0) {
-    event_ref.val = JS_NewObject(ctx);
+    event_obj.val = JS_NewObject(ctx);

-    JSValue peer_val = peer_get_value(ctx, event.peer);
-    JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "peer", peer_val);
+    JSValue peer_val = peer_wrap(ctx, event.peer);
+    JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "peer", peer_val);

    switch (event.type) {
-      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_CONNECT: {
-        JSValue type_str = JS_NewString(ctx, "connect");
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "type", type_str);
+      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_CONNECT:
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "type", JS_NewString(ctx, "connect"));
        break;
-      }
-      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_RECEIVE: {
-        JSValue type_str = JS_NewString(ctx, "receive");
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "type", type_str);
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "channelID", JS_NewInt32(ctx, event.channelID));
+      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_RECEIVE:
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "type", JS_NewString(ctx, "receive"));
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "channelID", JS_NewInt32(ctx, event.channelID));
        if (event.packet->dataLength > 0) {
          JSValue data_val = js_new_blob_stoned_copy(ctx, event.packet->data, event.packet->dataLength);
-          JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "data", data_val);
+          JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "data", data_val);
        }
        enet_packet_destroy(event.packet);
        break;
-      }
-      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT: {
-        JSValue type_str = JS_NewString(ctx, "disconnect");
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "type", type_str);
+      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT:
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "type", JS_NewString(ctx, "disconnect"));
        break;
-      }
-      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT: {
-        JSValue type_str = JS_NewString(ctx, "disconnect_timeout");
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "type", type_str);
+      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_DISCONNECT_TIMEOUT:
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "type", JS_NewString(ctx, "disconnect_timeout"));
        break;
-      }
-      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_NONE: {
-        JSValue type_str = JS_NewString(ctx, "none");
-        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_ref.val, "type", type_str);
+      case ENET_EVENT_TYPE_NONE:
+        JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, event_obj.val, "type", JS_NewString(ctx, "none"));
        break;
-      }
    }

-    JS_Call(ctx, argv[0], JS_NULL, 1, &event_ref.val);
+    JS_Call(ctx, argv[1], JS_NULL, 1, &event_obj.val);
  }

  JS_RETURN_NULL();
 }

-// Initiate a connection from this host to a remote server.
-static JSValue js_enet_host_connect(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* connect(host, address, port) → peer */
+static JSValue js_enet_connect(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_host_id);
-  if (!host) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 3) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "connect: expected (host, address, port)");

-  if (argc < 2) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected 2 arguments: hostname, port");
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "connect: invalid host");

-  const char *hostname = JS_ToCString(ctx, argv[0]);
+  const char *hostname = JS_ToCString(ctx, argv[1]);
  if (!hostname) return JS_EXCEPTION;
  int port;
-  JS_ToInt32(ctx, &port, argv[1]);
+  JS_ToInt32(ctx, &port, argv[2]);

  ENetAddress address;
  enet_address_set_host(&address, hostname);
@@ -201,43 +177,43 @@ static JSValue js_enet_host_connect(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int a
  address.port = port;

  ENetPeer *peer = enet_host_connect(host, &address, 2, 0);
-  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "No available peers for initiating an ENet connection");
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "No available peers for connection");

-  return peer_get_value(ctx, peer);
+  return peer_wrap(ctx, peer);
 }

-// Flush all pending outgoing packets for this host immediately.
-static JSValue js_enet_host_flush(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* flush(host) */
+static JSValue js_enet_flush(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_host_id);
-  if (!host) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "flush: expected (host)");
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "flush: invalid host");
  enet_host_flush(host);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-// Broadcast a string or blob to all connected peers on channel 0.
-static JSValue js_enet_host_broadcast(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* broadcast(host, data) */
+static JSValue js_enet_broadcast(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_host_id);
-  if (!host) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-
-  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected a string or blob to broadcast");
+  if (argc < 2) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "broadcast: expected (host, data)");
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "broadcast: invalid host");

  const char *data_str = NULL;
  size_t data_len = 0;
  uint8_t *buf = NULL;

-  if (JS_IsText(argv[0])) {
-    data_str = JS_ToCStringLen(ctx, &data_len, argv[0]);
+  if (JS_IsText(argv[1])) {
+    data_str = JS_ToCStringLen(ctx, &data_len, argv[1]);
    if (!data_str) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  } else if (js_is_blob(ctx, argv[0])) {
-    buf = js_get_blob_data(ctx, &data_len, argv[0]);
+  } else if (js_is_blob(ctx, argv[1])) {
+    buf = js_get_blob_data(ctx, &data_len, argv[1]);
    if (!buf) return JS_EXCEPTION;
  } else {
-    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "broadcast() only accepts a string or blob");
+    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "broadcast: data must be string or blob");
  }

-  ENetPacket *packet = enet_packet_create(data_str ? (const void*)data_str : (const void*)buf, data_len, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE);
+  ENetPacket *packet = enet_packet_create(data_str ? (const void *)data_str : (const void *)buf, data_len, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE);
  if (data_str) JS_FreeCString(ctx, data_str);
  if (!packet) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Failed to create ENet packet");

@@ -245,55 +221,51 @@ static JSValue js_enet_host_broadcast(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-// Host property getters
-static JSValue js_enet_host_get_port(JSContext *js, JSValueConst self)
+/* host_port(host) → number */
+static JSValue js_enet_host_port(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(self, enet_host_id);
-  if (!host) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  return JS_NewInt32(js, host->address.port);
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "host_port: expected (host)");
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "host_port: invalid host");
+  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, host->address.port);
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_host_get_address(JSContext *js, JSValueConst self)
+/* host_address(host) → string */
+static JSValue js_enet_host_address(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetHost *me = JS_GetOpaque(self, enet_host_id);
-  if (!me) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "host_address: expected (host)");
+  ENetHost *host = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_host_id);
+  if (!host) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "host_address: invalid host");
  char ip_str[128];
-  if (enet_address_get_host_ip(&me->address, ip_str, sizeof(ip_str)) != 0)
+  if (enet_address_get_host_ip(&host->address, ip_str, sizeof(ip_str)) != 0)
    return JS_NULL;
-  return JS_NewString(js, ip_str);
+  return JS_NewString(ctx, ip_str);
 }

-// Peer-level operations
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_disconnect(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  enet_peer_disconnect(peer, 0);
-  return JS_NULL;
-}
+/* ── Peer functions ─────────────────────────────────────────── */

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_send(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* send(peer, data) */
+static JSValue js_enet_send(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-
-  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected a string or blob to send");
+  if (argc < 2) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "send: expected (peer, data)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "send: invalid peer");

  const char *data_str = NULL;
  size_t data_len = 0;
  uint8_t *buf = NULL;

-  if (JS_IsText(argv[0])) {
-    data_str = JS_ToCStringLen(ctx, &data_len, argv[0]);
+  if (JS_IsText(argv[1])) {
+    data_str = JS_ToCStringLen(ctx, &data_len, argv[1]);
    if (!data_str) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  } else if (js_is_blob(ctx, argv[0])) {
-    buf = js_get_blob_data(ctx, &data_len, argv[0]);
+  } else if (js_is_blob(ctx, argv[1])) {
+    buf = js_get_blob_data(ctx, &data_len, argv[1]);
    if (!buf) return JS_EXCEPTION;
  } else {
-    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "send() only accepts a string or blob");
+    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "send: data must be string or blob");
  }

-  ENetPacket *packet = enet_packet_create(data_str ? (const void*)data_str : (const void*)buf, data_len, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE);
+  ENetPacket *packet = enet_packet_create(data_str ? (const void *)data_str : (const void *)buf, data_len, ENET_PACKET_FLAG_RELIABLE);
  if (data_str) JS_FreeCString(ctx, data_str);
  if (!packet) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Failed to create ENet packet");

@@ -301,225 +273,185 @@ static JSValue js_enet_peer_send(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_disconnect_now(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* disconnect(peer) */
+static JSValue js_enet_disconnect(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect: invalid peer");
+  enet_peer_disconnect(peer, 0);
+  return JS_NULL;
+}
+
+/* disconnect_now(peer) */
+static JSValue js_enet_disconnect_now(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+{
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect_now: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect_now: invalid peer");
  enet_peer_disconnect_now(peer, 0);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_disconnect_later(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* disconnect_later(peer) */
+static JSValue js_enet_disconnect_later(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect_later: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "disconnect_later: invalid peer");
  enet_peer_disconnect_later(peer, 0);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_reset(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* reset(peer) */
+static JSValue js_enet_reset(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "reset: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "reset: invalid peer");
  enet_peer_reset(peer);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_ping(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* ping(peer) */
+static JSValue js_enet_ping(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "ping: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "ping: invalid peer");
  enet_peer_ping(peer);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_throttle_configure(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+/* throttle_configure(peer, interval, acceleration, deceleration) */
+static JSValue js_enet_throttle_configure(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-
+  if (argc < 4) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "throttle_configure: expected (peer, interval, accel, decel)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "throttle_configure: invalid peer");
  int interval, acceleration, deceleration;
-  if (argc < 3 || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &interval, argv[0]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &acceleration, argv[1]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &deceleration, argv[2]))
-    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected 3 int arguments: interval, acceleration, deceleration");
-
+  if (JS_ToInt32(ctx, &interval, argv[1]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &acceleration, argv[2]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &deceleration, argv[3]))
+    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "throttle_configure: expected integer arguments");
  enet_peer_throttle_configure(peer, interval, acceleration, deceleration);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

+/* peer_timeout(peer, limit, min, max) */
 static JSValue js_enet_peer_timeout(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-
+  if (argc < 4) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_timeout: expected (peer, limit, min, max)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_timeout: invalid peer");
  int timeout_limit, timeout_min, timeout_max;
-  if (argc < 3 || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_limit, argv[0]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_min, argv[1]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_max, argv[2]))
-    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "Expected 3 integer arguments: timeout_limit, timeout_min, timeout_max");
-
+  if (JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_limit, argv[1]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_min, argv[2]) || JS_ToInt32(ctx, &timeout_max, argv[3]))
+    return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_timeout: expected integer arguments");
  enet_peer_timeout(peer, timeout_limit, timeout_min, timeout_max);
  return JS_NULL;
 }

-// Class definitions
-static JSClassDef enet_host = {
-  "ENetHost",
-  .finalizer = js_enet_host_finalizer,
-};
+/* ── Peer property getters ──────────────────────────────────── */

-static JSClassDef enet_peer_class = {
-  "ENetPeer",
-  .finalizer = js_enet_peer_finalizer,
-};
-
-static JSValue js_enet_resolve_hostname(JSContext *js, JSValue self, int argc, JSValue *argv)
-{
-  const char *hostname = JS_ToCString(js, argv[0]);
-  JS_FreeCString(js, hostname);
-  return JS_NULL;
+#define PEER_GETTER(name, field, convert) \
+static JSValue js_enet_##name(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv) { \
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, #name ": expected (peer)"); \
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id); \
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, #name ": invalid peer"); \
+  return convert(ctx, peer->field); \
 }

-static const JSCFunctionListEntry js_enet_funcs[] = {
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("initialize", 0, js_enet_initialize),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("deinitialize", 0, js_enet_deinitialize),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("create_host", 1, js_enet_host_create),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("resolve_hostname", 1, js_enet_resolve_hostname),
-};
+static inline JSValue _int32(JSContext *ctx, int v) { return JS_NewInt32(ctx, v); }
+static inline JSValue _uint32(JSContext *ctx, unsigned int v) { return JS_NewUint32(ctx, v); }

-static const JSCFunctionListEntry js_enet_host_funcs[] = {
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("service", 2, js_enet_host_service),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("connect", 2, js_enet_host_connect),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("flush", 0, js_enet_host_flush),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("broadcast", 1, js_enet_host_broadcast),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("port", js_enet_host_get_port),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("address", js_enet_host_get_address),
-};
+PEER_GETTER(peer_rtt, roundTripTime, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_rtt_variance, roundTripTimeVariance, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_last_send_time, lastSendTime, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_last_receive_time, lastReceiveTime, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_mtu, mtu, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_outgoing_data_total, outgoingDataTotal, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_incoming_data_total, incomingDataTotal, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_packet_loss, packetLoss, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_state, state, _int32)
+PEER_GETTER(peer_reliable_data_in_transit, reliableDataInTransit, _int32)

-// Peer property getters (zero-arg methods)
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_rtt(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
+static JSValue js_enet_peer_incoming_bandwidth(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->roundTripTime);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_incoming_bandwidth(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_incoming_bandwidth: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_incoming_bandwidth: invalid peer");
  if (peer->incomingBandwidth == 0) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->incomingBandwidth);
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_outgoing_bandwidth(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
+static JSValue js_enet_peer_outgoing_bandwidth(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_outgoing_bandwidth: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_outgoing_bandwidth: invalid peer");
  if (peer->outgoingBandwidth == 0) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->outgoingBandwidth);
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_last_send_time(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
+static JSValue js_enet_peer_port(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->lastSendTime);
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_port: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_port: invalid peer");
+  return JS_NewUint32(ctx, peer->address.port);
 }

-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_last_receive_time(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
+static JSValue js_enet_peer_address(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
 {
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->lastReceiveTime);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_mtu(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->mtu);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_outgoing_data_total(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->outgoingDataTotal);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_incoming_data_total(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->incomingDataTotal);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_rtt_variance(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->roundTripTimeVariance);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_packet_loss(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->packetLoss);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_state(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewInt32(ctx, -1);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->state);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_reliable_data_in_transit(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(this_val, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_NewFloat64(ctx, INFINITY);
-  return JS_NewInt32(ctx, peer->reliableDataInTransit);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_port(JSContext *js, JSValueConst self)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(self, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
-  return JS_NewUint32(js, peer->address.port);
-}
-
-static JSValue js_enet_peer_get_address(JSContext *js, JSValueConst self)
-{
-  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(self, enet_peer_class_id);
-  if (!peer) return JS_EXCEPTION;
+  if (argc < 1) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_address: expected (peer)");
+  ENetPeer *peer = JS_GetOpaque(argv[0], enet_peer_class_id);
+  if (!peer) return JS_RaiseDisrupt(ctx, "peer_address: invalid peer");
  char ip_str[128];
  if (enet_address_get_host_ip(&peer->address, ip_str, sizeof(ip_str)) != 0)
    return JS_NULL;
-  return JS_NewString(js, ip_str);
+  return JS_NewString(ctx, ip_str);
 }

-static const JSCFunctionListEntry js_enet_peer_funcs[] = {
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("send", 1, js_enet_peer_send),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect", 0, js_enet_peer_disconnect),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect_now", 0, js_enet_peer_disconnect_now),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect_later", 0, js_enet_peer_disconnect_later),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("reset", 0, js_enet_peer_reset),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("ping", 0, js_enet_peer_ping),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("throttle_configure", 3, js_enet_peer_throttle_configure),
-  JS_CFUNC_DEF("timeout", 3, js_enet_peer_timeout),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("rtt", js_enet_peer_get_rtt),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("incoming_bandwidth", js_enet_peer_get_incoming_bandwidth),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("outgoing_bandwidth", js_enet_peer_get_outgoing_bandwidth),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("last_send_time", js_enet_peer_get_last_send_time),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("last_receive_time", js_enet_peer_get_last_receive_time),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("mtu", js_enet_peer_get_mtu),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("outgoing_data_total", js_enet_peer_get_outgoing_data_total),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("incoming_data_total", js_enet_peer_get_incoming_data_total),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("rtt_variance", js_enet_peer_get_rtt_variance),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("packet_loss", js_enet_peer_get_packet_loss),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("state", js_enet_peer_get_state),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("reliable_data_in_transit", js_enet_peer_get_reliable_data_in_transit),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("port", js_enet_peer_get_port),
-  JS_CFUNC0_DEF("address", js_enet_peer_get_address),
+static JSValue js_enet_resolve_hostname(JSContext *ctx, JSValueConst this_val, int argc, JSValueConst *argv)
+{
+  const char *hostname = JS_ToCString(ctx, argv[0]);
+  JS_FreeCString(ctx, hostname);
+  return JS_NULL;
+}
+
+/* ── Module export ──────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+static const JSCFunctionListEntry js_enet_funcs[] = {
+  /* host */
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("create_host", 1, js_enet_create_host),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("service", 2, js_enet_service),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("connect", 3, js_enet_connect),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("flush", 1, js_enet_flush),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("broadcast", 2, js_enet_broadcast),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("host_port", 1, js_enet_host_port),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("host_address", 1, js_enet_host_address),
+  /* peer */
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("send", 2, js_enet_send),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect", 1, js_enet_disconnect),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect_now", 1, js_enet_disconnect_now),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("disconnect_later", 1, js_enet_disconnect_later),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("reset", 1, js_enet_reset),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("ping", 1, js_enet_ping),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("throttle_configure", 4, js_enet_throttle_configure),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_timeout", 4, js_enet_peer_timeout),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_address", 1, js_enet_peer_address),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_port", 1, js_enet_peer_port),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_rtt", 1, js_enet_peer_rtt),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_rtt_variance", 1, js_enet_peer_rtt_variance),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_incoming_bandwidth", 1, js_enet_peer_incoming_bandwidth),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_outgoing_bandwidth", 1, js_enet_peer_outgoing_bandwidth),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_last_send_time", 1, js_enet_peer_last_send_time),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_last_receive_time", 1, js_enet_peer_last_receive_time),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_mtu", 1, js_enet_peer_mtu),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_outgoing_data_total", 1, js_enet_peer_outgoing_data_total),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_incoming_data_total", 1, js_enet_peer_incoming_data_total),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_packet_loss", 1, js_enet_peer_packet_loss),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_state", 1, js_enet_peer_state),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("peer_reliable_data_in_transit", 1, js_enet_peer_reliable_data_in_transit),
+  JS_CFUNC_DEF("resolve_hostname", 1, js_enet_resolve_hostname),
 };

 JSValue js_core_internal_enet_use(JSContext *ctx)
@@ -529,16 +461,10 @@ JSValue js_core_internal_enet_use(JSContext *ctx)
  JS_FRAME(ctx);

  JS_NewClassID(&enet_host_id);
-  JS_NewClass(ctx, enet_host_id, &enet_host);
-  JS_ROOT(host_proto, JS_NewObject(ctx));
-  JS_SetPropertyFunctionList(ctx, host_proto.val, js_enet_host_funcs, countof(js_enet_host_funcs));
-  JS_SetClassProto(ctx, enet_host_id, host_proto.val);
+  JS_NewClass(ctx, enet_host_id, &enet_host_def);

  JS_NewClassID(&enet_peer_class_id);
-  JS_NewClass(ctx, enet_peer_class_id, &enet_peer_class);
-  JS_ROOT(peer_proto, JS_NewObject(ctx));
-  JS_SetPropertyFunctionList(ctx, peer_proto.val, js_enet_peer_funcs, countof(js_enet_peer_funcs));
-  JS_SetClassProto(ctx, enet_peer_class_id, peer_proto.val);
+  JS_NewClass(ctx, enet_peer_class_id, &enet_peer_def);

  JS_ROOT(export_obj, JS_NewObject(ctx));
  JS_SetPropertyFunctionList(ctx, export_obj.val, js_enet_funcs, countof(js_enet_funcs));
--- a/internal/engine.cm
+++ b/internal/engine.cm
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@ var native_mode = false
 var _no_warn = (init != null && init.no_warn) ? true : false
 var SYSYM = '__SYSTEM__'

+var log = function(name, args) {
+
+}
+
 var _cell = {}
 var need_stop = false

@@ -539,7 +543,7 @@ if (_init != null && _init.native_mode)
 if (args != null && (_init == null || !_init.program)) {
  _program = args[0]
  while (_j < length(args)) {
-    push(_user_args, args[_j])
+    _user_args[] = args[_j]
    _j = _j + 1
  }
  if (_init == null) {
@@ -908,6 +912,7 @@ $_.delay = function delay(fn, seconds) {
    send_messages()
  }
  var id = actor_mod.delay(delay_turn, _seconds)
+  log.connection(`$delay: registered timer id=${text(id)} seconds=${text(_seconds)}`)
  return function() { actor_mod.removetimer(id) }
 }

@@ -940,7 +945,7 @@ $_.start = function start(cb, program) {
    no_warn: _no_warn,
  }
  greeters[id] = cb
-  push(message_queue, { startup })
+  message_queue[] = { startup }
 }

 $_.receiver = function receiver(fn) {
@@ -959,20 +964,34 @@ $_.couple = function couple(actor) {
 }

 $_.contact = function(callback, record) {
-  send(create_actor(record), record, callback)
+  log.connection(`contact: creating actor for ${record.address}:${text(record.port)}`)
+  var a = create_actor(record)
+  log.connection(`contact: actor created, sending contact`)
+  send(a, record, function(reply) {
+    var server = null
+    if (reply && reply.actor_id) {
+      server = create_actor({id: reply.actor_id, address: record.address, port: record.port})
+      log.connection(`contact: connected, server id=${reply.actor_id}`)
+      callback(server)
+    } else {
+      log.connection(`contact: connection failed or no reply`)
+      callback(null)
+    }
+  })
 }

 $_.portal = function(fn, port) {
  if (portal) {
-    log.error(`Already started a portal listening on ${portal.port()}`)
+    log.error(`Already started a portal listening on ${enet.host_port(portal)}`)
    disrupt
  }
  if (!port) {
    log.error("Requires a valid port.")
    disrupt
  }
-  log.system(`starting a portal on port ${port}`)
+  log.connection(`portal: starting on port ${text(port)}`)
  portal = enet.create_host({address: "any", port})
+  log.connection(`portal: created host=${portal}`)
  portal_fn = fn
  enet_check()
 }
@@ -1362,59 +1381,74 @@ function guid(bits)
 }

 enet = use_core('internal/enet')
-enet = use_core('enet')

 function peer_connection(peer) {
  return {
-    latency: peer.rtt(),
+    latency: enet.peer_rtt(peer),
    bandwidth: {
-      incoming: peer.incoming_bandwidth(),
-      outgoing: peer.outgoing_bandwidth()
+      incoming: enet.peer_incoming_bandwidth(peer),
+      outgoing: enet.peer_outgoing_bandwidth(peer)
    },
    activity: {
-      last_sent: peer.last_send_time(),
-      last_received: peer.last_receive_time()
+      last_sent: enet.peer_last_send_time(peer),
+      last_received: enet.peer_last_receive_time(peer)
    },
-    mtu: peer.mtu(),
+    mtu: enet.peer_mtu(peer),
    data: {
-      incoming_total: peer.incoming_data_total(),
-      outgoing_total: peer.outgoing_data_total(),
-      reliable_in_transit: peer.reliable_data_in_transit()
+      incoming_total: enet.peer_incoming_data_total(peer),
+      outgoing_total: enet.peer_outgoing_data_total(peer),
+      reliable_in_transit: enet.peer_reliable_data_in_transit(peer)
    },
-    latency_variance: peer.rtt_variance(),
-    packet_loss: peer.packet_loss(),
-    state: peer.state()
+    latency_variance: enet.peer_rtt_variance(peer),
+    packet_loss: enet.peer_packet_loss(peer),
+    state: enet.peer_state(peer)
  }
 }

+// Strip ::ffff: prefix from IPv6-mapped IPv4 addresses
+function normalize_addr(addr) {
+  if (starts_with(addr, "::ffff:"))
+    return text(addr, 7)
+  return addr
+}
+
 function handle_host(e) {
  var queue = null
  var data = null
  var addr = null
  var port = null
+  var pkey = null

+  log.connection(`handle_host: event type=${e.type}`)
  if (e.type == "connect") {
-    addr = e.peer.address()
-    port = e.peer.port()
-    log.system(`connected a new peer: ${addr}:${port}`)
-    peers[`${addr}:${port}`] = e.peer
-    queue = peer_queue[e.peer]
+    addr = normalize_addr(enet.peer_address(e.peer))
+    port = enet.peer_port(e.peer)
+    pkey = addr + ":" + text(port)
+    log.connection(`handle_host: peer connected ${pkey}`)
+    peers[pkey] = e.peer
+    queue = peer_queue[pkey]
    if (queue) {
-      arrfor(queue, (msg, index) => e.peer.send(nota.encode(msg)))
-      log.system(`sent queue out of queue`)
-      delete peer_queue[e.peer]
+      log.connection(`handle_host: flushing ${text(length(queue))} queued messages to ${pkey}`)
+      arrfor(queue, (msg, index) => enet.send(e.peer, nota.encode(msg)))
+      delete peer_queue[pkey]
+    } else {
+      log.connection(`handle_host: no queued messages for ${pkey}`)
    }
  } else if (e.type == "disconnect") {
-    delete peer_queue[e.peer]
-    arrfor(array(peers), function(id, index) {
-      if (peers[id] == e.peer) delete peers[id]
-    })
-    log.system('portal got disconnect from ' + e.peer.address() + ":" + e.peer.port())
+    addr = normalize_addr(enet.peer_address(e.peer))
+    port = enet.peer_port(e.peer)
+    pkey = addr + ":" + text(port)
+    log.connection(`handle_host: peer disconnected ${pkey}`)
+    delete peer_queue[pkey]
+    delete peers[pkey]
  } else if (e.type == "receive") {
    data = nota.decode(e.data)
-    if (data.replycc && !data.replycc.address) {
-      data.replycc[ACTORDATA].address = e.peer.address()
-      data.replycc[ACTORDATA].port = e.peer.port()
+    log.connection(`handle_host: received data type=${data.type}`)
+    if (data.replycc_id && !data.replycc) {
+      data.replycc = create_actor({id: data.replycc_id, address: normalize_addr(enet.peer_address(e.peer)), port: enet.peer_port(e.peer)})
+    } else if (data.replycc && !data.replycc.address) {
+      data.replycc[ACTORDATA].address = normalize_addr(enet.peer_address(e.peer))
+      data.replycc[ACTORDATA].port = enet.peer_port(e.peer)
    }
    if (data.data) populate_actor_addresses(data.data, e)
    handle_message(data)
@@ -1425,8 +1459,8 @@ function handle_host(e) {
 function populate_actor_addresses(obj, e) {
  if (!is_object(obj)) return
  if (obj[ACTORDATA] && !obj[ACTORDATA].address) {
-    obj[ACTORDATA].address = e.peer.address()
-    obj[ACTORDATA].port = e.peer.port()
+    obj[ACTORDATA].address = normalize_addr(enet.peer_address(e.peer))
+    obj[ACTORDATA].port = enet.peer_port(e.peer)
  }
  arrfor(array(obj), function(key, index) {
    if (key in obj)
@@ -1436,7 +1470,7 @@ function populate_actor_addresses(obj, e) {


 function actor_prep(actor, send) {
-  push(message_queue, {actor,send});
+  message_queue[] = {actor,send};
 }

 // Send a message immediately without queuing
@@ -1447,6 +1481,7 @@ function actor_send_immediate(actor, send) {
 function actor_send(actor, message) {
  var wota_blob = null
  var peer = null
+  var pkey = null

  if (actor[HEADER] && !actor[HEADER].replycc) // attempting to respond to a message but sender is not expecting; silently drop
    return
@@ -1463,12 +1498,14 @@ function actor_send(actor, message) {

  // message to self
  if (actor[ACTORDATA].id == _cell.id) {
+    log.connection(`actor_send: message to self, type=${message.type}`)
    if (receive_fn) receive_fn(message.data)
    return
  }

  // message to actor in same flock
  if (actor[ACTORDATA].id && actor_mod.mailbox_exist(actor[ACTORDATA].id)) {
+    log.connection(`actor_send: local mailbox for ${text(actor[ACTORDATA].id, 0, 8)}`)
    wota_blob = wota.encode(message)
    actor_mod.mailbox_push(actor[ACTORDATA].id, wota_blob)
    return
@@ -1480,23 +1517,27 @@ function actor_send(actor, message) {
    else
      message.type = "contact"

-    peer = peers[actor[ACTORDATA].address + ":" + actor[ACTORDATA].port]
+    pkey = actor[ACTORDATA].address + ":" + text(actor[ACTORDATA].port)
+    log.connection(`actor_send: remote ${pkey} msg.type=${message.type}`)
+    peer = peers[pkey]
    if (!peer) {
      if (!portal) {
-        log.system(`creating a contactor ...`)
+        log.connection(`actor_send: no portal, creating contactor`)
        portal = enet.create_host({address:"any"})
-        log.system(`allowing contact to port ${portal.port()}`)
+        log.connection(`actor_send: contactor on port ${text(enet.host_port(portal))}`)
        enet_check()
      }
-      log.system(`no peer! connecting to ${actor[ACTORDATA].address}:${actor[ACTORDATA].port}`)
-      peer = portal.connect(actor[ACTORDATA].address, actor[ACTORDATA].port)
-      peer_queue.set(peer, [message])
+      log.connection(`actor_send: no peer for ${pkey}, connecting...`)
+      peer = enet.connect(portal, actor[ACTORDATA].address, actor[ACTORDATA].port)
+      log.connection(`actor_send: connect initiated, peer=${peer}, queuing message`)
+      peer_queue[pkey] = [message]
    } else {
-      peer.send(nota.encode(message))
+      log.connection(`actor_send: have peer for ${pkey}, sending directly`)
+      enet.send(peer, nota.encode(message))
    }
    return
  }
-  log.system(`Unable to send message to actor ${actor[ACTORDATA].id}`)
+  log.connection(`actor_send: no route for actor id=${actor[ACTORDATA].id} (no address, not local)`)
 }

 function send_messages() {
@@ -1509,6 +1550,8 @@ function send_messages() {

   var _qi = 0
   var _qm = null
+   if (length(message_queue) > 0)
+     log.connection(`send_messages: processing ${text(length(message_queue))} queued messages`)
   while (_qi < length(message_queue)) {
     _qm = message_queue[_qi]
     if (_qm.startup) {
@@ -1667,13 +1710,40 @@ function handle_sysym(msg)
 function handle_message(msg) {
  var letter = null
  var fn = null
+  var conn = null
+  var pkey = null
+  var peer = null
+  var reply_msg = null
+
+  log.connection(`handle_message: type=${msg.type}`)

  if (msg[SYSYM]) {
    handle_sysym(msg[SYSYM])
    return
  }

-  if (msg.type == "user") {
+  if (msg.type == "contact") {
+    // Remote $contact arrived — create a connection actor for the caller.
+    // msg.replycc was constructed by handle_host with id + address + port.
+    conn = msg.replycc
+    log.connection(`handle_message: contact from ${conn ? conn[ACTORDATA].id : "unknown"}`)
+
+    // Reply directly over enet so the client's $contact callback fires
+    if (conn && msg.reply) {
+      pkey = conn[ACTORDATA].address + ":" + text(conn[ACTORDATA].port)
+      peer = peers[pkey]
+      if (peer) {
+        reply_msg = {type: "user", data: {type: "connected", actor_id: _cell.id}, return: msg.reply}
+        log.connection(`handle_message: sending contact reply to ${pkey}`)
+        enet.send(peer, nota.encode(reply_msg))
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (portal_fn) {
+      log.connection(`handle_message: calling portal_fn`)
+      portal_fn(conn)
+    }
+  } else if (msg.type == "user") {
    letter = msg.data // what the sender really sent
    if (msg.replycc_id) {
      msg.replycc = create_actor({id: msg.replycc_id})
@@ -1683,11 +1753,13 @@ function handle_message(msg) {

    if (msg.return) {
      fn = replies[msg.return]
+      log.connection(`handle_message: reply callback ${msg.return} fn=${fn ? "yes" : "no"}`)
      if (fn) fn(letter)
      delete replies[msg.return]
      return
    }

+    log.connection(`handle_message: dispatching to receive_fn=${receive_fn ? "yes" : "no"}`)
    if (receive_fn) receive_fn(letter)
  } else if (msg.type == "stopped") {
    handle_actor_disconnect(msg.id)
@@ -1696,8 +1768,12 @@ function handle_message(msg) {

 function enet_check()
 {
-  if (portal) portal.service(handle_host)
-
+  if (portal) {
+    log.connection(`enet_check: servicing portal`)
+    enet.service(portal, handle_host)
+  } else {
+    log.connection(`enet_check: no portal`)
+  }
  $_.delay(enet_check, ENETSERVICE);
 }

--- a/internal/shop.cm
+++ b/internal/shop.cm
@@ -1021,19 +1021,41 @@ function ensure_package_dylibs(pkg) {
  var build_mod = use_cache['core/build']
  var target = null
  var c_files = null
+  var _all_ok = true
+  var _ri = 0

  if (build_mod) {
-    target = detect_host_target()
-    if (!target) return null
-
-    c_files = pkg_tools.get_c_files(_pkg, target, true)
-    if (!c_files || length(c_files) == 0) {
-      package_dylibs[_pkg] = []
-      return []
+    // Fast path: if manifest exists and all dylibs are present, skip build_dynamic
+    results = read_dylib_manifest(_pkg)
+    if (results != null) {
+      _all_ok = true
+      _ri = 0
+      while (_ri < length(results)) {
+        if (results[_ri].dylib && !fd.is_file(results[_ri].dylib)) {
+          _all_ok = false
+          break
+        }
+        _ri = _ri + 1
+      }
+      if (_all_ok) {
+        log.shop('manifest ok for ' + _pkg + ' (' + text(length(results)) + ' modules)')
+      } else {
+        results = null
+      }
    }
+    if (results == null) {
+      target = detect_host_target()
+      if (!target) return null

-    log.shop('ensuring C modules for ' + _pkg)
-    results = build_mod.build_dynamic(_pkg, target, 'release', {})
+      c_files = pkg_tools.get_c_files(_pkg, target, true)
+      if (!c_files || length(c_files) == 0) {
+        package_dylibs[_pkg] = []
+        return []
+      }
+
+      log.shop('ensuring C modules for ' + _pkg)
+      results = build_mod.build_dynamic(_pkg, target, 'release', {})
+    }
  } else {
    // No build module at runtime — read manifest from cell build
    results = read_dylib_manifest(_pkg)
@@ -1477,18 +1499,18 @@ Shop.use = function use(path, _pkg_ctx) {
  if (use_cache[info.cache_key])
    return use_cache[info.cache_key]

-  push(use_stack, _use_entry)
+  use_stack[] = _use_entry
  var _use_result = null
  var _use_ok = false
  var _load = function() {
    _use_result = execute_module(info)
    _use_ok = true
  } disruption {
-    pop(use_stack)
+    use_stack[]
    disrupt
  }
  _load()
-  pop(use_stack)
+  use_stack[]
  use_cache[info.cache_key] = _use_result
  return _use_result
 }
@@ -1622,12 +1644,16 @@ function download_zip(pkg, commit_hash) {
  return _download()
 }

-// Get zip from cache, returns null if not cached
+// Get zip from cache, returns null if not cached or empty
 function get_cached_zip(pkg, commit_hash) {
  var cache_path = get_cache_path(pkg, commit_hash)
-  if (fd.is_file(cache_path))
-    return fd.slurp(cache_path)
-    
+  var data = null
+  if (fd.is_file(cache_path)) {
+    data = fd.slurp(cache_path)
+    stone(data)
+    if (length(data) > 0) return data
+    fd.remove(cache_path)
+  }
  return null
 }

@@ -1883,7 +1909,7 @@ Shop.sync_with_deps = function(pkg, opts) {
    if (visited[current]) continue
    visited[current] = true

-    log.console('  Fetching ' + current + '...')
+    log.build('  Fetching ' + current + '...')
    Shop.sync(current, opts)

    _read_deps = function() {
@@ -1897,7 +1923,7 @@ Shop.sync_with_deps = function(pkg, opts) {
      arrfor(array(deps), function(alias) {
        dep_locator = deps[alias]
        if (!visited[dep_locator])
-          push(queue, dep_locator)
+          queue[] = dep_locator
      })
    }
  }
@@ -2036,7 +2062,7 @@ function get_package_scripts(package)
  for (i = 0; i < length(files); i++) {
    file = files[i]
    if (ends_with(file, '.cm') || ends_with(file, '.ce')) {
-      push(scripts, file)
+      scripts[] = file
    }
  }
  
@@ -2058,7 +2084,7 @@ function extract_use_calls(source) {
    if (end == null) end = search(text(source, start), '"')
    if (end != null) {
      arg = text(source, start, start + end)
-      push(uses, arg)
+      uses[] = arg
    }
    idx = search(text(source, idx + 4), "use(")
    if (idx != null) idx = idx + (source.length - (source.length - idx))
@@ -2081,16 +2107,16 @@ Shop.build_package_scripts = function(package)
      resolve_mod_fn(pkg_dir + '/' + script, package)
      ok = ok + 1
    } disruption {
-      push(errors, script)
-      log.console("  compile error: " + package + '/' + script)
+      errors[] = script
+      log.build("  compile error: " + package + '/' + script)
    }
    _try()
  })

  if (length(errors) > 0) {
-    log.console('  Compiling scripts (' + text(ok) + ' ok, ' + text(length(errors)) + ' errors)')
+    log.build('  Compiling scripts (' + text(ok) + ' ok, ' + text(length(errors)) + ' errors)')
  } else if (ok > 0) {
-    log.console('  Compiling scripts (' + text(ok) + ' ok)')
+    log.build('  Compiling scripts (' + text(ok) + ' ok)')
  }

  return {ok: ok, errors: errors, total: length(scripts)}
@@ -2134,14 +2160,14 @@ Shop.audit_use_resolution = function(package) {
        end = search(rest, quote)
        if (end == null) continue
        arg = text(rest, 0, end)
-        if (length(arg) > 0) push(uses, arg)
+        if (length(arg) > 0) uses[] = arg
        rest = text(rest, end + 1)
      }

      arrfor(uses, function(mod) {
        var _resolve = function() {
          info = resolve_module_info(mod, package)
-          if (!info) push(unresolved, {script: script, module: mod})
+          if (!info) unresolved[] = {script: script, module: mod}
        } disruption {}
        _resolve()
      })
@@ -2392,7 +2418,7 @@ Shop.audit_packages = function() {
    if (package == 'core') return
    if (fd.is_dir(package)) return
    if (fetch_remote_hash(package)) return
-    push(bad, package)
+    bad[] = package
  })

  return bad
--- a/link.cm
+++ b/link.cm
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@ Link.sync_all = function(shop) {
      // Validate target exists
      var link_target = resolve_link_target(target)
      if (!fd.is_dir(link_target)) {
-        push(errors, canonical + ': target ' + link_target + ' does not exist')
+        errors[] = canonical + ': target ' + link_target + ' does not exist'
        return
      }
      if (!fd.is_file(link_target + '/cell.toml')) {
-        push(errors, canonical + ': target ' + link_target + ' is not a valid package')
+        errors[] = canonical + ': target ' + link_target + ' is not a valid package'
        return
      }

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ Link.sync_all = function(shop) {

      count = count + 1
    } disruption {
-      push(errors, canonical + ': sync failed')
+      errors[] = canonical + ': sync failed'
    }
    _sync()
  })
--- a/list.ce
+++ b/list.ce
@@ -89,16 +89,16 @@ var run = function() {
    // Add status indicators
    status = []
    if (link_target) {
-      push(status, "linked -> " + link_target)
+      status[] = "linked -> " + link_target
    }
    if (lock_entry && lock_entry.commit) {
-      push(status, "@" + text(lock_entry.commit, 0, 8))
+      status[] = "@" + text(lock_entry.commit, 0, 8)
    }
    if (lock_entry && lock_entry.type == 'local') {
-      push(status, "local")
+      status[] = "local"
    }
    if (!lock_entry) {
-      push(status, "not installed")
+      status[] = "not installed"
    }

    if (length(status) > 0) {
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ if (mode == 'local') {
      var link_target = links[p]

      if (link_target) {
-        push(linked_pkgs, p)
+        linked_pkgs[] = p
      } else if (lock_entry && lock_entry.type == 'local') {
-        push(local_pkgs, p)
+        local_pkgs[] = p
      } else {
-        push(remote_pkgs, p)
+        remote_pkgs[] = p
      }
    })

--- a/log.ce
+++ b/log.ce
@@ -371,6 +371,7 @@ function do_enable() {
  var sink = null
  var i = 0
  var already = false
+  var new_exclude = []
  if (length(args) < 2) {
    log.error("Usage: cell log enable <channel>")
    return
@@ -388,9 +389,9 @@ function do_enable() {
  }
  if (is_array(sink.channels) && length(sink.channels) == 1 && sink.channels[0] == "*") {
    if (is_array(sink.exclude)) {
-      var new_exclude = []
+      new_exclude = []
      arrfor(sink.exclude, function(ex) {
-        if (ex != channel) push(new_exclude, ex)
+        if (ex != channel) new_exclude[] = ex
      })
      sink.exclude = new_exclude
    }
@@ -411,6 +412,7 @@ function do_disable() {
  var sink = null
  var i = 0
  var new_channels = []
+  var already_excluded = false
  if (length(args) < 2) {
    log.error("Usage: cell log disable <channel>")
    return
@@ -428,7 +430,7 @@ function do_disable() {
  }
  if (is_array(sink.channels) && length(sink.channels) == 1 && sink.channels[0] == "*") {
    if (!is_array(sink.exclude)) sink.exclude = []
-    var already_excluded = false
+    already_excluded = false
    arrfor(sink.exclude, function(ex) {
      if (ex == channel) already_excluded = true
    })
@@ -436,7 +438,7 @@ function do_disable() {
  } else {
    if (is_array(sink.channels)) {
      arrfor(sink.channels, function(ch) {
-        if (ch != channel) push(new_channels, ch)
+        if (ch != channel) new_channels[] = ch
      })
      sink.channels = new_channels
    }
--- a/mcode.ce
+++ b/mcode.ce
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ var dump_function = function(func, name) {
      parts = []
      j = 1
      while (j < n - 2) {
-        push(parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+        parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
        j = j + 1
      }
      operands = text(parts, ", ")
--- a/mcode.cm
+++ b/mcode.cm
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {

  // Variable tracking
  var add_var = function(name, slot, is_const) {
-    push(s_vars, {name: name, slot: slot, is_const: is_const, is_closure: false})
+    s_vars[] = {name: name, slot: slot, is_const: is_const, is_closure: false}
  }

  var find_var = function(name) {
@@ -228,13 +228,13 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {

  // Instruction emission
  var add_instr = function(instr) {
-    push(instr, s_cur_line)
-    push(instr, s_cur_col)
-    push(s_instructions, instr)
+    instr[] = s_cur_line
+    instr[] = s_cur_col
+    s_instructions[] = instr
  }

  var emit_label = function(label) {
-    push(s_instructions, label)
+    s_instructions[] = label
  }

  var emit_0 = function(op) {
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      slot = alloc_slot()
      lit = {kind: "name", name: name, make: "intrinsic"}
      add_instr(["access", slot, lit])
-      push(s_intrinsic_cache, {name: name, slot: slot})
+      s_intrinsic_cache[] = {name: name, slot: slot}
      _i = _i + 1
    }
  }
@@ -1974,7 +1974,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      expr_slots = []
      _i = 0
      while (_i < nexpr) {
-        push(expr_slots, gen_expr(list[_i], -1))
+        expr_slots[] = gen_expr(list[_i], -1)
        _i = _i + 1
      }
      // Create array from expression results
@@ -2083,6 +2083,23 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
    if (kind == "[") {
      obj = expr.left
      idx = expr.right
+      if (idx == null) {
+        // arr[] pop expression
+        obj_slot = gen_expr(obj, -1)
+        guard_t = alloc_slot()
+        guard_err = gen_label("pop_err")
+        guard_done = gen_label("pop_done")
+        emit_2("is_array", guard_t, obj_slot)
+        emit_jump_cond("jump_false", guard_t, guard_err)
+        slot = target >= 0 ? target : alloc_slot()
+        emit_2("pop", slot, obj_slot)
+        emit_jump(guard_done)
+        emit_label(guard_err)
+        emit_log_error("cannot pop: target must be an array")
+        emit_0("disrupt")
+        emit_label(guard_done)
+        return slot
+      }
      obj_slot = gen_expr(obj, -1)
      idx_slot = gen_expr(idx, -1)
      slot = alloc_slot()
@@ -2264,7 +2281,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      _i = 0
      nargs = args_list != null ? length(args_list) : 0
      while (_i < nargs) {
-        push(arg_slots, gen_expr(args_list[_i], -1))
+        arg_slots[] = gen_expr(args_list[_i], -1)
        _i = _i + 1
      }
      dest = alloc_slot()
@@ -2432,7 +2449,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      elem_slots = []
      _i = 0
      while (_i < count) {
-        push(elem_slots, gen_expr(list[_i], -1))
+        elem_slots[] = gen_expr(list[_i], -1)
        _i = _i + 1
      }
      dest = alloc_slot()
@@ -2449,7 +2466,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
    if (kind == "record") {
      list = expr.list
      dest = alloc_slot()
-      push(s_instructions, ["record", dest, length(list)])
+      s_instructions[] = ["record", dest, length(list)]
      _i = 0
      while (_i < length(list)) {
        pair = list[_i]
@@ -2479,7 +2496,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      func = gen_function(expr)
      func_id = s_func_counter
      s_func_counter = s_func_counter + 1
-      push(s_functions, func)
+      s_functions[] = func
      dest = alloc_slot()
      emit_2("function", dest, func_id)
      return dest
@@ -2797,7 +2814,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
      _i = 0
      nargs = args_list != null ? length(args_list) : 0
      while (_i < nargs) {
-        push(arg_slots, gen_expr(args_list[_i], -1))
+        arg_slots[] = gen_expr(args_list[_i], -1)
        _i = _i + 1
      }
      callee_kind = callee.kind
@@ -2852,7 +2869,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
        case_kind = case_node.kind
        if (case_kind == "default") {
          default_label = gen_label("switch_default")
-          push(case_labels, default_label)
+          case_labels[] = default_label
        } else {
          case_label = gen_label("switch_case")
          case_expr = case_node.expression
@@ -2862,7 +2879,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
          _bp_rn = case_expr
          emit_binop("eq", cmp_slot, switch_val, case_val)
          emit_jump_cond("jump_true", cmp_slot, case_label)
-          push(case_labels, case_label)
+          case_labels[] = case_label
        }
        _i = _i + 1
      }
@@ -2894,7 +2911,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
        func = gen_function(stmt)
        func_id = s_func_counter
        s_func_counter = s_func_counter + 1
-        push(s_functions, func)
+        s_functions[] = func
        local_slot = find_var(name)
        dest = alloc_slot()
        emit_2("function", dest, func_id)
@@ -2948,7 +2965,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
    var saved_func = 0
    var captured_this = 0

-    push(parent_states, saved)
+    parent_states[] = saved

    s_instructions = []
    s_vars = []
@@ -3039,7 +3056,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
          compiled = gen_function(fn)
          func_id = s_func_counter
          s_func_counter = s_func_counter + 1
-          push(s_functions, compiled)
+          s_functions[] = compiled
          local_slot = find_var(fname)
          dest = alloc_slot()
          emit_2("function", dest, func_id)
@@ -3112,7 +3129,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
    saved_func = s_func_counter

    // Pop parent state
-    pop(parent_states)
+    parent_states[]
    restore_state(saved)
    s_label_counter = saved_label
    s_func_counter = saved_func
@@ -3179,7 +3196,7 @@ var mcode = function(ast) {
          compiled = gen_function(fn)
          func_id = s_func_counter
          s_func_counter = s_func_counter + 1
-          push(s_functions, compiled)
+          s_functions[] = compiled
          local_slot = find_var(name)
          dest = alloc_slot()
          emit_2("function", dest, func_id)
--- a/pack.ce
+++ b/pack.ce
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ var packages = ['core']
 var deps = pkg_tools.gather_dependencies(target_package)

 for (i = 0; i < length(deps); i++) {
-  push(packages, deps[i])
+  packages[] = deps[i]
 }
-push(packages, target_package)
+packages[] = target_package

 // Remove duplicates
 var unique_packages = []
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ var seen = {}
 for (i = 0; i < length(packages); i++) {
  if (!seen[packages[i]]) {
    seen[packages[i]] = true
-    push(unique_packages, packages[i])
+    unique_packages[] = packages[i]
  }
 }
 packages = unique_packages
--- a/package.cm
+++ b/package.cm
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ package.find_packages = function(dir) {
  var list = fd.readdir(dir)
  if (!list) return found
  if (fd.is_file(dir + '/cell.toml'))
-    push(found, dir)
+    found[] = dir
  arrfor(list, function(item) {
    if (item == '.' || item == '..' || item == '.cell' || item == '.git') return
    var full = dir + '/' + item
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ package.find_packages = function(dir) {
    if (st && st.isDirectory) {
      sub = package.find_packages(full)
      arrfor(sub, function(p) {
-        push(found, p)
+        found[] = p
      })
    }
  })
@@ -227,14 +227,14 @@ package.list_modules = function(name) {
  var stem = null
  for (i = 0; i < length(files); i++) {
    if (ends_with(files[i], '.cm')) {
-      push(modules, text(files[i], 0, -3))
+      modules[] = text(files[i], 0, -3)
    }
  }
  var c_files = package.get_c_files(name, null, true)
  for (i = 0; i < length(c_files); i++) {
    stem = ends_with(c_files[i], '.cpp') ? text(c_files[i], 0, -4) : text(c_files[i], 0, -2)
    if (find(modules, function(m) { return m == stem }) == null)
-      push(modules, stem)
+      modules[] = stem
  }
  return modules
 }
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ package.list_programs = function(name) {
  var i = 0
  for (i = 0; i < length(files); i++) {
    if (ends_with(files[i], '.ce')) {
-      push(programs, text(files[i], 0, -3))
+      programs[] = text(files[i], 0, -3)
    }
  }
  return programs
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ package.get_c_files = function(name, target, exclude_main) {
        basename = fd.basename(selected)
        if (basename == 'main.c' || starts_with(basename, 'main_')) return
      }
-      push(result, selected)
+      result[] = selected
    }
  })

--- a/parse.cm
+++ b/parse.cm
@@ -90,12 +90,12 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
  var parse_error = function(token, msg) {
    if (error_count >= 5) return null
    error_count = error_count + 1
-    push(errors, {
+    errors[] = {
      message: msg,
      line: token.from_row + 1,
      column: token.from_column + 1,
      offset: token.at
-    })
+    }
  }

  var _keywords = {
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
        if (tv[tvi] == "\\" && tvi + 1 < tvlen) {
          esc_ch = tv[tvi + 1]
          esc_val = template_escape_map[esc_ch]
-          if (esc_val != null) { push(fmt_parts, esc_val) }
-          else { push(fmt_parts, esc_ch) }
+          if (esc_val != null) { fmt_parts[] = esc_val }
+          else { fmt_parts[] = esc_ch }
          tvi = tvi + 2
        } else if (tv[tvi] == "$" && tvi + 1 < tvlen && tv[tvi + 1] == "{") {
          tvi = tvi + 2
@@ -239,27 +239,27 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          expr_parts = []
          while (tvi < tvlen && depth > 0) {
            tc = tv[tvi]
-            if (tc == "{") { depth = depth + 1; push(expr_parts, tc); tvi = tvi + 1 }
+            if (tc == "{") { depth = depth + 1; expr_parts[] = tc; tvi = tvi + 1 }
            else if (tc == "}") {
              depth = depth - 1
-              if (depth > 0) { push(expr_parts, tc) }
+              if (depth > 0) { expr_parts[] = tc }
              tvi = tvi + 1
            }
            else if (tc == "'" || tc == "\"" || tc == "`") {
              tq = tc
-              push(expr_parts, tc)
+              expr_parts[] = tc
              tvi = tvi + 1
              while (tvi < tvlen && tv[tvi] != tq) {
                if (tv[tvi] == "\\" && tvi + 1 < tvlen) {
-                  push(expr_parts, tv[tvi])
+                  expr_parts[] = tv[tvi]
                  tvi = tvi + 1
                }
-                push(expr_parts, tv[tvi])
+                expr_parts[] = tv[tvi]
                tvi = tvi + 1
              }
-              if (tvi < tvlen) { push(expr_parts, tv[tvi]); tvi = tvi + 1 }
+              if (tvi < tvlen) { expr_parts[] = tv[tvi]; tvi = tvi + 1 }
            } else {
-              push(expr_parts, tc)
+              expr_parts[] = tc
              tvi = tvi + 1
            }
          }
@@ -274,14 +274,14 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
            } else {
              sub_expr = sub_stmt
            }
-            push(tpl_list, sub_expr)
+            tpl_list[] = sub_expr
          }
-          push(fmt_parts, "{")
-          push(fmt_parts, text(idx))
-          push(fmt_parts, "}")
+          fmt_parts[] = "{"
+          fmt_parts[] = text(idx)
+          fmt_parts[] = "}"
          idx = idx + 1
        } else {
-          push(fmt_parts, tv[tvi])
+          fmt_parts[] = tv[tvi]
          tvi = tvi + 1
        }
      }
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      advance()
      while (tok.kind != "]" && tok.kind != "eof") {
        elem = parse_assign_expr()
-        if (elem != null) push(list, elem)
+        if (elem != null) list[] = elem
        if (tok.kind == ",") advance()
        else break
      }
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
                advance()
                param.expression = parse_assign_expr()
              }
-              push(params, param)
+              params[] = param
            } else {
              parse_error(tok, "expected parameter name")
              break
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
        } else {
          parse_error(tok, "expected ':' after property name")
        }
-        push(list, pair)
+        list[] = pair
        if (tok.kind == ",") advance()
        else if (tok.kind == "{") {
          if (right && right.kind == "(") {
@@ -473,17 +473,17 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      flags_parts = []
      while (rpos < _src_len && src[rpos] != "/") {
        if (src[rpos] == "\\" && rpos + 1 < _src_len) {
-          push(pattern_parts, src[rpos])
-          push(pattern_parts, src[rpos + 1])
+          pattern_parts[] = src[rpos]
+          pattern_parts[] = src[rpos + 1]
          rpos = rpos + 2
        } else {
-          push(pattern_parts, src[rpos])
+          pattern_parts[] = src[rpos]
          rpos = rpos + 1
        }
      }
      if (rpos < _src_len) rpos = rpos + 1
      while (rpos < _src_len && is_letter(src[rpos])) {
-        push(flags_parts, src[rpos])
+        flags_parts[] = src[rpos]
        rpos = rpos + 1
      }
      node.pattern = text(pattern_parts)
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
        new_node.list = args_list
        while (tok.kind != ")" && tok.kind != "eof") {
          arg = parse_assign_expr()
-          if (arg != null) push(args_list, arg)
+          if (arg != null) args_list[] = arg
          if (tok.kind == ",") advance()
          else break
        }
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      before = cursor
      stmt = parse_statement()
      if (stmt != null) {
-        push(stmts, stmt)
+        stmts[] = stmt
      } else if (cursor == before) {
        sync_to_statement()
      }
@@ -872,14 +872,14 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          param.name = tok.value
          pname = tok.value
          if (find(prev_names, pname) != null) parse_error(tok, "duplicate parameter name '" + pname + "'")
-          push(prev_names, pname)
+          prev_names[] = pname
          advance()
          ast_node_end(param)
          if (tok.kind == "=" || tok.kind == "|") {
            advance()
            param.expression = parse_assign_expr()
          }
-          push(params, param)
+          params[] = param
        } else {
          parse_error(tok, "expected parameter name")
          break
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      param.name = tok.value
      advance()
      ast_node_end(param)
-      push(params, param)
+      params[] = param
    } else if (tok.kind == "(") {
      advance()
      prev_names = []
@@ -969,14 +969,14 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          param.name = tok.value
          pname = tok.value
          if (find(prev_names, pname) != null) parse_error(tok, "duplicate parameter name '" + pname + "'")
-          push(prev_names, pname)
+          prev_names[] = pname
          advance()
          ast_node_end(param)
          if (tok.kind == "=" || tok.kind == "|") {
            advance()
            param.expression = parse_assign_expr()
          }
-          push(params, param)
+          params[] = param
        } else {
          parse_error(tok, "expected parameter name")
          break
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      expr = parse_assign_expr()
      ret.expression = expr
      ast_node_end(ret)
-      push(stmts, ret)
+      stmts[] = ret
      node.statements = stmts
    }

@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          parse_error(start, "'var' declarations must be initialized; use 'var " + var_name + " = null' if no value is needed")
        }
        ast_node_end(node)
-        push(decls, node)
+        decls[] = node
        decl_count = decl_count + 1
        if (tok.kind == ",") advance()
        else break
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      _control_depth = _control_depth + 1
      _expecting_body = true
      body = parse_statement()
-      if (body != null) push(then_stmts, body)
+      if (body != null) then_stmts[] = body
      else_ifs = []
      node.list = else_ifs
      if (tok.kind == "else") {
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          _control_depth = saved_cd
          _control_type = saved_ct
          elif = parse_statement()
-          if (elif != null) push(else_ifs, elif)
+          if (elif != null) else_ifs[] = elif
          ast_node_end(node)
          return node
        } else {
@@ -1159,7 +1159,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          node.else = else_stmts
          _expecting_body = true
          body = parse_statement()
-          if (body != null) push(else_stmts, body)
+          if (body != null) else_stmts[] = body
        }
      }
      _control_depth = saved_cd
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      _control_depth = _control_depth + 1
      _expecting_body = true
      body = parse_statement()
-      if (body != null) push(stmts, body)
+      if (body != null) stmts[] = body
      _control_depth = saved_cd
      _control_type = saved_ct
      ast_node_end(node)
@@ -1203,7 +1203,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      _control_depth = _control_depth + 1
      _expecting_body = true
      body = parse_statement()
-      if (body != null) push(stmts, body)
+      if (body != null) stmts[] = body
      _control_depth = saved_cd
      _control_type = saved_ct
      if (tok.kind == "while") advance()
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      _control_depth = _control_depth + 1
      _expecting_body = true
      body = parse_statement()
-      if (body != null) push(stmts, body)
+      if (body != null) stmts[] = body
      _control_depth = saved_cd
      _control_type = saved_ct
      ast_node_end(node)
@@ -1402,9 +1402,9 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
      stmt = parse_statement()
      if (stmt != null) {
        if (stmt.kind == "function") {
-          push(functions, stmt)
+          functions[] = stmt
        } else {
-          push(statements, stmt)
+          statements[] = stmt
        }
      } else if (cursor == before) {
        sync_to_statement()
@@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
    var err = {message: msg}
    if (node.from_row != null) err.line = node.from_row + 1
    if (node.from_column != null) err.column = node.from_column + 1
-    push(sem_errors, err)
+    sem_errors[] = err
  }

  var make_scope = function(parent, fn_nr, opts) {
@@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
    }
    if (make_opts.reached == false) entry.reached = false
    if (make_opts.decl_line != null) entry.decl_line = make_opts.decl_line
-    push(scope.vars, entry)
+    scope.vars[] = entry
  }

  var sem_lookup_var = function(scope, name) {
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
  }

  var sem_add_intrinsic = function(name) {
-    if (find(intrinsics, name) == null) push(intrinsics, name)
+    if (find(intrinsics, name) == null) intrinsics[] = name
  }

  var functino_names = {
@@ -1828,7 +1828,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
        }
      }
      sr = sem_build_scope_record(fn_scope)
-      push(scopes_array, sr.rec)
+      scopes_array[] = sr.rec
      expr.nr_slots = sr.nr_slots
      expr.nr_close_slots = sr.nr_close
      return null
@@ -1858,9 +1858,9 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
          r.v.nr_uses = r.v.nr_uses + 1
          if (r.level > 0) r.v.closure = 1
          if (r.v.reached == false && r.v.decl_line != null && expr.from_row != null && expr.from_row + 1 < r.v.decl_line) {
-            push(hoisted_fn_refs, {name: name, line: expr.from_row + 1,
+            hoisted_fn_refs[] = {name: name, line: expr.from_row + 1,
                                    col: expr.from_column != null ? expr.from_column + 1 : null,
-                                    decl_line: r.v.decl_line})
+                                    decl_line: r.v.decl_line}
          }
        } else {
          expr.level = -1
@@ -2110,7 +2110,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
        }
      }
      sr = sem_build_scope_record(fn_scope)
-      push(scopes_array, sr.rec)
+      scopes_array[] = sr.rec
      stmt.nr_slots = sr.nr_slots
      stmt.nr_close_slots = sr.nr_close
      return null
@@ -2153,7 +2153,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
    new_scopes = [sr.rec]
    i = 0
    while (i < length(scopes_array)) {
-      push(new_scopes, scopes_array[i])
+      new_scopes[] = scopes_array[i]
      i = i + 1
    }
    scopes_array = new_scopes
@@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ var parse = function(tokens, src, filename, tokenizer) {
    if (ast.errors != null) {
      _mi = 0
      while (_mi < length(errors)) {
-        push(ast.errors, errors[_mi])
+        ast.errors[] = errors[_mi]
        _mi = _mi + 1
      }
    } else {
--- a/qbe_emit.cm
+++ b/qbe_emit.cm
@@ -948,7 +948,7 @@ var qbe_emit = function(ir, qbe, export_name) {
  // ============================================================

  var emit = function(s) {
-    push(out, s)
+    out[] = s
  }

  var fresh = function() {
@@ -982,9 +982,9 @@ var qbe_emit = function(ir, qbe, export_name) {
    escaped = replace(escaped, "\r", "\\r")
    escaped = replace(escaped, "\t", "\\t")
    var line = "data " + label + ' = ' + '{ b "' + escaped + '", b 0 }'
-    push(data_out, line)
+    data_out[] = line
    var entry = { label: label, idx: length(str_entries) }
-    push(str_entries, entry)
+    str_entries[] = entry
    str_table[val] = entry
    return entry
  }
@@ -2909,16 +2909,16 @@ var qbe_emit = function(ir, qbe, export_name) {

  // Export nr_slots for main function so the module loader can use right-sized frames
  var main_name = export_name ? sanitize(export_name) : "cell_main"
-  push(data_out, "export data $" + main_name + "_nr_slots = { w " + text(ir.main.nr_slots) + " }")
-  push(data_out, "export data $cell_lit_count = { w " + text(length(str_entries)) + " }")
+  data_out[] = "export data $" + main_name + "_nr_slots = { w " + text(ir.main.nr_slots) + " }"
+  data_out[] = "export data $cell_lit_count = { w " + text(length(str_entries)) + " }"
  if (length(str_entries) > 0) {
    lit_data = []
    si = 0
    while (si < length(str_entries)) {
-      push(lit_data, `l ${str_entries[si].label}`)
+      lit_data[] = `l ${str_entries[si].label}`
      si = si + 1
    }
-    push(data_out, "export data $cell_lit_table = { " + text(lit_data, ", ") + " }")
+    data_out[] = "export data $cell_lit_table = { " + text(lit_data, ", ") + " }"
  }

  return {
--- a/qopconv.ce
+++ b/qopconv.ce
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ if (!is_array(args) || length(args) < 1) {
        }

        for (; i < length(args) - 1; i++) {
-            push(sources, args[i])
+            sources[] = args[i]
        }
        archive = args[length(args) - 1]

--- a/remove.ce
+++ b/remove.ce
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ var run = function() {
    arrfor(all_packages, function(p) {
      if (p == 'core') return
      if (!needed[p] && find(packages_to_remove, p) == null) {
-        push(packages_to_remove, p)
+        packages_to_remove[] = p
      }
    })
  }
--- a/resolve.ce
+++ b/resolve.ce
@@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ for (i = 0; i < length(sorted); i++) {

  // Format output
  status_parts = []
-  if (is_linked) push(status_parts, "linked")
-  if (is_local) push(status_parts, "local")
-  if (!is_in_lock) push(status_parts, "not in lock")
-  if (!is_fetched) push(status_parts, "not fetched")
-  if (has_c_files) push(status_parts, "has C modules")
+  if (is_linked) status_parts[] = "linked"
+  if (is_local) status_parts[] = "local"
+  if (!is_in_lock) status_parts[] = "not in lock"
+  if (!is_fetched) status_parts[] = "not fetched"
+  if (has_c_files) status_parts[] = "has C modules"

  commit_str = ""
  if (lock_entry && lock_entry.commit) {
--- a/search.ce
+++ b/search.ce
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ var packages = shop.list_packages()
 arrfor(packages, function(package_name) {
  // Check if package name matches
  if (search(package_name, query) != null) {
-    push(found_packages, package_name)
+    found_packages[] = package_name
  }

  // Search modules and actors within the package
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ arrfor(packages, function(package_name) {
    var modules = pkg.list_modules(package_name)
    arrfor(modules, function(mod) {
      if (search(mod, query) != null) {
-        push(found_modules, package_name + ':' + mod)
+        found_modules[] = package_name + ':' + mod
      }
    })

    var actors = pkg.list_programs(package_name)
    arrfor(actors, function(actor) {
      if (search(actor, query) != null) {
-        push(found_actors, package_name + ':' + actor)
+        found_actors[] = package_name + ':' + actor
      }
    })
  } disruption {
--- a/slots.ce
+++ b/slots.ce
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ var run = function() {
            first_def[slot_num] = pc
            first_def_op[slot_num] = op
          }
-          push(events, {kind: "DEF", slot: operand_val, pc: pc, instr: instr})
+          events[] = {kind: "DEF", slot: operand_val, pc: pc, instr: instr}
        }
        di = di + 1
      }
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ var run = function() {
          slot_num = text(operand_val)
          if (!uses[slot_num]) uses[slot_num] = 0
          uses[slot_num] = uses[slot_num] + 1
-          push(events, {kind: "USE", slot: operand_val, pc: pc, instr: instr})
+          events[] = {kind: "USE", slot: operand_val, pc: pc, instr: instr}
        }
        ui = ui + 1
      }
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ var run = function() {
          parts = []
          j = 1
          while (j < n - 2) {
-            push(parts, fmt_val(evt.instr[j]))
+            parts[] = fmt_val(evt.instr[j])
            j = j + 1
          }
          operands = text(parts, ", ")
--- a/source/cell.c
+++ b/source/cell.c
@@ -313,6 +313,26 @@ void actor_disrupt(JSContext *ctx)
 JSValue js_core_internal_os_use(JSContext *js);
 JSValue js_core_json_use(JSContext *js);

+/* Engine-env log proxy: routes log("channel", [msg]) through JS_Log.
+   Before set_log is called, JS_Log falls back to stderr.
+   After set_log, JS_Log forwards to the engine's JS log function.
+   This exists so mcode-generated type-check error paths (which always
+   access 'log' as an intrinsic) work inside engine.cm itself. */
+static JSValue js_engine_log(JSContext *js, JSValue self,
+                             int argc, JSValue *argv) {
+  if (argc < 2) return JS_NULL;
+  const char *channel = JS_ToCString(js, argv[0]);
+  if (!channel) return JS_NULL;
+  JSValue msg_val = JS_GetPropertyNumber(js, argv[1], 0);
+  const char *msg = JS_ToCString(js, msg_val);
+  if (msg) {
+    JS_Log(js, channel, "%s", msg);
+    JS_FreeCString(js, msg);
+  }
+  JS_FreeCString(js, channel);
+  return JS_NULL;
+}
+
 void script_startup(JSContext *js)
 {
  if (!g_runtime) {
@@ -414,6 +434,8 @@ void script_startup(JSContext *js)
  }
  tmp = shop_path ? JS_NewString(js, shop_path) : JS_NULL;
  JS_SetPropertyStr(js, env_ref.val, "shop_path", tmp);
+  tmp = JS_NewCFunction(js, js_engine_log, "log", 2);
+  JS_SetPropertyStr(js, env_ref.val, "log", tmp);

  // Stone the environment
  JSValue hidden_env = JS_Stone(js, env_ref.val);
@@ -761,6 +783,8 @@ int cell_init(int argc, char **argv)
    }
    JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, env_ref.val, "args", args_ref.val);
    JS_DeleteGCRef(ctx, &args_ref);
+    tmp = JS_NewCFunction(ctx, js_engine_log, "log", 2);
+    JS_SetPropertyStr(ctx, env_ref.val, "log", tmp);
    JSValue hidden_env = JS_Stone(ctx, env_ref.val);

    g_crash_ctx = ctx;
--- a/source/pit_internal.h
+++ b/source/pit_internal.h
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ typedef struct {
 #define ACTOR_SLOW        5
 #define ACTOR_REFRESHED   6

-#define ACTOR_FAST_TIMER_NS     (10ULL * 1000000)
+#define ACTOR_FAST_TIMER_NS     (1000ULL * 1000000)
 #define ACTOR_SLOW_TIMER_NS     (60000ULL * 1000000)
 #define ACTOR_SLOW_STRIKES_MAX  3
 #define ACTOR_MEMORY_LIMIT      (1024ULL * 1024 * 1024)
--- a/source/runtime.c
+++ b/source/runtime.c
@@ -1915,12 +1915,13 @@ int ctx_gc (JSContext *ctx, int allow_grow, size_t alloc_size) {
  if (ctx->trace_hook && (ctx->trace_type & JS_HOOK_GC))
    ctx->trace_hook(ctx, JS_HOOK_GC, NULL, ctx->trace_data);

-  /* Check memory limit — kill actor if heap exceeds cap */
+  /* Check memory limit — kill actor if heap exceeds cap.
+     Use JS_Log "memory" channel which always fprintf's (safe during GC). */
  if (ctx->heap_memory_limit > 0 && ctx->current_block_size > ctx->heap_memory_limit) {
-#ifdef ACTOR_TRACE
-    fprintf(stderr, "[ACTOR_TRACE] heap %zu > limit %zu, OOM\n",
-            ctx->current_block_size, ctx->heap_memory_limit);
-#endif
+    JS_Log(ctx, "memory", "%s: heap %zuKB exceeds limit %zuMB, killing",
+           ctx->name ? ctx->name : ctx->id,
+           ctx->current_block_size / 1024,
+           ctx->heap_memory_limit / (1024 * 1024));
    return -1;
  }

@@ -3283,19 +3284,18 @@ JS_RaiseDisrupt (JSContext *ctx, const char *fmt, ...) {
  return JS_EXCEPTION;
 }

-/* Log to "memory" channel + disrupt.  Skips JS callback (can't allocate). */
+/* Log to "memory" channel + disrupt.  Skips JS callback (can't allocate).
+   Uses fprintf directly — safe even during OOM. */
 JSValue JS_RaiseOOM (JSContext *ctx) {
  size_t used = (size_t)((uint8_t *)ctx->heap_free - (uint8_t *)ctx->heap_base);
  size_t block = ctx->current_block_size;
  size_t limit = ctx->heap_memory_limit;
+  const char *name = ctx->name ? ctx->name : ctx->id;
  const char *label = ctx->actor_label;
-  if (limit > 0) {
-    fprintf(stderr, "out of memory: heap %zuKB / %zuKB block, limit %zuMB",
-            used / 1024, block / 1024, limit / (1024 * 1024));
-  } else {
-    fprintf(stderr, "out of memory: heap %zuKB / %zuKB block, no limit",
-            used / 1024, block / 1024);
-  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "[memory] %s: out of memory — heap %zuKB / %zuKB block",
+          name ? name : "?", used / 1024, block / 1024);
+  if (limit > 0)
+    fprintf(stderr, ", limit %zuMB", limit / (1024 * 1024));
  if (label)
    fprintf(stderr, " [%s]", label);
  fprintf(stderr, "\n");
@@ -12009,7 +12009,7 @@ void JS_CrashPrintStack(JSContext *ctx) {
  if (!ctx) return;
  if (JS_IsNull(ctx->reg_current_frame)) return;

-  static const char hdr[] = "\n--- JS Stack at crash ---\n";
+  static const char hdr[] = "\n--- JS Stack ---\n";
  write(STDERR_FILENO, hdr, sizeof(hdr) - 1);

  JSFrameRegister *frame = (JSFrameRegister *)JS_VALUE_GET_PTR(ctx->reg_current_frame);
--- a/source/scheduler.c
+++ b/source/scheduler.c
@@ -293,9 +293,15 @@ void *timer_thread_func(void *arg) {
          /* Only fire if turn_gen still matches (stale timers are ignored) */
          uint32_t cur = atomic_load_explicit(&t.actor->turn_gen, memory_order_relaxed);
          if (cur == t.turn_gen) {
+            /* Can't call JS_Log from timer thread — use fprintf */
+            const char *name = t.actor->name ? t.actor->name : t.actor->id;
            if (t.type == TIMER_PAUSE) {
+              fprintf(stderr, "[slow] %s: pausing (turn exceeded %llums)\n",
+                      name, (unsigned long long)(ACTOR_FAST_TIMER_NS / 1000000));
              JS_SetPauseFlag(t.actor, 1);
            } else {
+              fprintf(stderr, "[slow] %s: kill timer fired (turn exceeded %llus)\n",
+                      name, (unsigned long long)(ACTOR_SLOW_TIMER_NS / 1000000000));
              t.actor->disrupt = 1;
              JS_SetPauseFlag(t.actor, 2);
            }
@@ -577,17 +583,11 @@ int actor_exists(const char *id)
 void set_actor_state(JSContext *actor)
 {
  if (actor->disrupt) {
-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-    fprintf(stderr, "set_actor_state: %s disrupted, freeing\n", actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id);
-#endif
    actor_free(actor);
    return;
  }
  pthread_mutex_lock(actor->msg_mutex);

-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-  fprintf(stderr, "set_actor_state: %s state=%d letters=%ld\n", actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, actor->state, (long)arrlen(actor->letters));
-#endif
  switch(actor->state) {
    case ACTOR_RUNNING:
    case ACTOR_READY:
@@ -601,9 +601,6 @@ void set_actor_state(JSContext *actor)
          actor->is_quiescent = 0;
          atomic_fetch_sub(&engine.quiescent_count, 1);
        }
-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-        fprintf(stderr, "set_actor_state: %s IDLE->READY, enqueueing (main=%d)\n", actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, actor->main_thread_only);
-#endif
        actor->state = ACTOR_READY;
        actor->ar = 0;
        enqueue_actor_priority(actor);
@@ -846,6 +843,8 @@ void actor_turn(JSContext *actor)

    if (JS_IsSuspended(result)) {
      /* Still suspended after kill timer — shouldn't happen, kill it */
+      fprintf(stderr, "[slow] %s: still suspended after resume, killing\n",
+              actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id);
      actor->disrupt = 1;
      goto ENDTURN;
    }
@@ -854,16 +853,12 @@ void actor_turn(JSContext *actor)
        actor->disrupt = 1;
    }
    actor->slow_strikes++;
-#ifdef ACTOR_TRACE
-    fprintf(stderr, "[ACTOR_TRACE] %s: slow strike %d/%d\n",
-            actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id,
-            actor->slow_strikes, ACTOR_SLOW_STRIKES_MAX);
-#endif
+    JS_Log(actor, "slow", "%s: slow strike %d/%d",
+           actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id,
+           actor->slow_strikes, ACTOR_SLOW_STRIKES_MAX);
    if (actor->slow_strikes >= ACTOR_SLOW_STRIKES_MAX) {
-#ifdef ACTOR_TRACE
-      fprintf(stderr, "[ACTOR_TRACE] %s: %d slow strikes, killing\n",
-              actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, actor->slow_strikes);
-#endif
+      JS_Log(actor, "slow", "%s: killed after %d consecutive slow turns",
+             actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, actor->slow_strikes);
      actor->disrupt = 1;
    }
    goto ENDTURN;
@@ -876,10 +871,6 @@ void actor_turn(JSContext *actor)
    pthread_mutex_unlock(actor->msg_mutex);
    goto ENDTURN;
  }
-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-  fprintf(stderr, "actor_turn: %s has %d letters, type=%d\n",
-          actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, pending, actor->letters[0].type);
-#endif
  letter l = actor->letters[0];
  arrdel(actor->letters, 0);
  pthread_mutex_unlock(actor->msg_mutex);
@@ -937,29 +928,22 @@ ENDTURN:
    actor->actor_trace_hook(actor, CELL_HOOK_EXIT);

  if (actor->disrupt) {
-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-    fprintf(stderr, "actor_turn ENDTURN: %s disrupted, freeing\n",
-            actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id);
-#endif
    pthread_mutex_unlock(actor->mutex);
    actor_free(actor);
    return;
  }

-#ifdef SCHEDULER_DEBUG
-  fprintf(stderr, "actor_turn ENDTURN: %s has %ld letters, calling set_actor_state\n",
-          actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id, (long)arrlen(actor->letters));
-#endif
  set_actor_state(actor);
  pthread_mutex_unlock(actor->mutex);
  return;

 ENDTURN_SLOW:
  g_crash_ctx = NULL;
-#ifdef ACTOR_TRACE
-  fprintf(stderr, "[ACTOR_TRACE] %s: suspended mid-turn -> SLOW\n",
-          actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id);
-#endif
+  /* VM suspended mid-turn — can't call JS_Log, use fprintf.
+     Print stack trace while frames are still intact. */
+  fprintf(stderr, "[slow] %s: suspended mid-turn, entering slow queue (strike %d/%d)\n",
+          actor->name ? actor->name : actor->id,
+          actor->slow_strikes + 1, ACTOR_SLOW_STRIKES_MAX);
  if (actor->actor_trace_hook)
    actor->actor_trace_hook(actor, CELL_HOOK_EXIT);
  enqueue_actor_priority(actor);
--- a/streamline.ce
+++ b/streamline.ce
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ var type_annotation = function(slot_types, instr) {
    if (is_number(v)) {
      t = slot_types[text(v)]
      if (t != null && t != T_UNKNOWN) {
-        push(parts, `s${text(v)}:${t}`)
+        parts[] = `s${text(v)}:${t}`
      }
    }
    j = j + 1
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ var dump_function_typed = function(func, name) {
      operand_parts = []
      j = 1
      while (j < n - 2) {
-        push(operand_parts, fmt_val(instr[j]))
+        operand_parts[] = fmt_val(instr[j])
        j = j + 1
      }
      operands = text(operand_parts, ", ")
--- a/test.ce
+++ b/test.ce
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ function parse_args() {
        } else if (_args[i] == '--diff') {
            diff_mode = true
        } else {
-            push(cleaned_args, _args[i])
+            cleaned_args[] = _args[i]
        }
    }
    _args = cleaned_args
@@ -247,11 +247,11 @@ function collect_actor_tests(package_name, specific_test) {
                if (test_base != match_base) continue
            }

-            push(actor_tests, {
+            actor_tests[] = {
                package: package_name || "local",
                file: f,
                path: prefix + '/' + f
-            })
+            }
        }
    }
    return actor_tests
@@ -296,16 +296,16 @@ function spawn_actor_test(test_info) {
                entry.error = { message: event.reason || "Actor disrupted" }
                log.console(`    FAIL ${test_name}: ${entry.error.message}`)
            }
-            push(actor_test_results, entry)
+            actor_test_results[] = entry
            if (gc_after_each_test) dbg.gc()
            check_completion()
        }, actor_path)
-        push(pending_actor_tests, entry)
+        pending_actor_tests[] = entry
    } disruption {
        entry.status = "failed"
        entry.error = { message: "Failed to spawn actor" }
        entry.duration_ns = 0
-        push(actor_test_results, entry)
+        actor_test_results[] = entry
        log.console(`    FAIL ${test_name}: Failed to spawn`)
    }
    _spawn()
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ function run_tests(package_name, specific_test) {
                match_base = ends_with(match_name, '.cm') ? text(match_name, 0, -3) : match_name
                if (test_name != match_base) continue
            }
-            push(test_files, f)
+            test_files[] = f
        }
    }

@@ -408,14 +408,14 @@ function run_tests(package_name, specific_test) {
            var first_null_key = null
            var first_other_key = null
            if (is_function(test_mod)) {
-                push(tests, {name: 'main', fn: test_mod})
+                tests[] = {name: 'main', fn: test_mod}
            } else if (is_object(test_mod)) {
                all_keys = array(test_mod)
                log.console(`  Found ${length(all_keys)} test entries`)
                arrfor(all_keys, function(k) {
                    if (is_function(test_mod[k])) {
                        fn_count = fn_count + 1
-                        push(tests, {name: k, fn: test_mod[k]})
+                        tests[] = {name: k, fn: test_mod[k]}
                    } else if (is_null(test_mod[k])) {
                        null_count = null_count + 1
                        if (!first_null_key) first_null_key = k
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ function run_tests(package_name, specific_test) {
                        file_result.failed = file_result.failed + 1
                    }

-                    push(file_result.tests, test_entry)
+                    file_result.tests[] = test_entry
                    pkg_result.total = pkg_result.total + 1
                    if (gc_after_each_test) {
                        dbg.gc()
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ function run_tests(package_name, specific_test) {
            file_result.failed = file_result.failed + 1
            pkg_result.total = pkg_result.total + 1
        }
-        push(pkg_result.files, file_result)
+        pkg_result.files[] = file_result
    }
    return pkg_result
 }
@@ -525,18 +525,18 @@ var i = 0
 if (all_pkgs) {
    // Run local first if we're in a valid package
    if (is_valid_package('.')) {
-        push(all_results, run_tests(null, null))
+        all_results[] = run_tests(null, null)
        all_actor_tests = array(all_actor_tests, collect_actor_tests(null, null))
    }

    // Then all packages in lock
    packages = shop.list_packages()
    for (i = 0; i < length(packages); i++) {
-        push(all_results, run_tests(packages[i], null))
+        all_results[] = run_tests(packages[i], null)
        all_actor_tests = array(all_actor_tests, collect_actor_tests(packages[i], null))
    }
 } else {
-    push(all_results, run_tests(target_pkg, target_test))
+    all_results[] = run_tests(target_pkg, target_test)
    all_actor_tests = array(all_actor_tests, collect_actor_tests(target_pkg, target_test))
 }

@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ function check_timeouts() {
        entry = pending_actor_tests[i]
        elapsed_ms = (now - entry.start_time) * 1000
        if (elapsed_ms > ACTOR_TEST_TIMEOUT) {
-            push(timed_out, i)
+            timed_out[] = i
        }
    }

@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ function check_timeouts() {
        entry.status = "failed"
        entry.error = { message: "Test timed out" }
        entry.duration_ns = ACTOR_TEST_TIMEOUT * 1000000
-        push(actor_test_results, entry)
+        actor_test_results[] = entry
        log.console(`    TIMEOUT ${entry.test}`)
    }

@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ function finalize_results() {
        }
        if (!pkg_result) {
            pkg_result = { package: r.package, files: [], total: 0, passed: 0, failed: 0 }
-            push(all_results, pkg_result)
+            all_results[] = pkg_result
        }

        file_result = null
@@ -624,10 +624,10 @@ function finalize_results() {
        }
        if (!file_result) {
            file_result = { name: r.file, tests: [], passed: 0, failed: 0 }
-            push(pkg_result.files, file_result)
+            pkg_result.files[] = file_result
        }

-        push(file_result.tests, r)
+        file_result.tests[] = r
        pkg_result.total = pkg_result.total + 1
        if (r.status == "passed") {
            pkg_result.passed = pkg_result.passed + 1
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ Total: ${totals.total}, Passed: ${totals.passed}, Failed: ${totals.failed}
        for (j = 0; j < length(pkg_res.files); j++) {
            f = pkg_res.files[j]
            for (k = 0; k < length(f.tests); k++) {
-                push(pkg_tests, f.tests[k])
+                pkg_tests[] = f.tests[k]
            }
        }

--- a/tests/nota.cm
+++ b/tests/nota.cm
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ var testarr = []
 var i = 0
 var t = null
 for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
-  push(testarr, 1)
+  testarr[] = 1
 }

 var testCases = [
--- a/tests/suite.cm
+++ b/tests/suite.cm
@@ -2918,7 +2918,7 @@ return {
    test_arrfor_with_index: function() {
        var arr = ["a", "b", "c"]
        var indices = []
-        arrfor(arr, (x, i) => { push(indices, i) })
+        arrfor(arr, (x, i) => { indices[] = i })
        if (indices[0] != 0 || indices[2] != 2) return "arrfor with index failed"
    },

@@ -2931,7 +2931,7 @@ return {
    test_arrfor_mutation: function() {
        var arr = [1, 2, 3]
        var results = []
-        arrfor(arr, x => { push(results, x * 2) })
+        arrfor(arr, x => { results[] = x * 2 })
        if (results[0] != 2 || results[1] != 4 || results[2] != 6) return "arrfor mutation failed"
    },

--- a/tests/wota.cm
+++ b/tests/wota.cm
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ var testarr = []
 var i = 0
 var t = null
 var name = null
-for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) { push(testarr, 1) }
+for (i = 0; i < 500; i++) { testarr[] = 1 }

 var testCases = [
  { name: 'zero',              input: 0 },
--- a/tokenize.cm
+++ b/tokenize.cm
@@ -103,26 +103,26 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    run_start = pos
    while (pos < len && pk() != quote) {
      if (pk() == "\\") {
-        if (pos > run_start) push(parts, text(src, run_start, pos))
+        if (pos > run_start) parts[] = text(src, run_start, pos)
        adv()
        esc = adv()
        esc_val = escape_map[esc]
-        if (esc_val != null) { push(parts, esc_val) }
-        else if (esc == "u") { push(parts, read_unicode_escape()) }
-        else { push(parts, esc) }
+        if (esc_val != null) { parts[] = esc_val }
+        else if (esc == "u") { parts[] = read_unicode_escape() }
+        else { parts[] = esc }
        run_start = pos
      } else {
        adv()
      }
    }
-    if (pos > run_start) push(parts, text(src, run_start, pos))
+    if (pos > run_start) parts[] = text(src, run_start, pos)
    if (pos < len) adv() // skip closing quote
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: "text", at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col,
      value: text(parts)
-    })
+    }
  }

  var read_template = function() {
@@ -139,12 +139,12 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    run_start = pos
    while (pos < len && pk() != "`") {
      if (pk() == "\\" && pos + 1 < len) {
-        if (pos > run_start) push(parts, text(src, run_start, pos))
-        push(parts, text(src, pos, pos + 2))
+        if (pos > run_start) parts[] = text(src, run_start, pos)
+        parts[] = text(src, pos, pos + 2)
        adv(); adv()
        run_start = pos
      } else if (pk() == "$" && pos + 1 < len && pk_at(1) == "{") {
-        if (pos > run_start) push(parts, text(src, run_start, pos))
+        if (pos > run_start) parts[] = text(src, run_start, pos)
        interp_start = pos
        adv(); adv() // $ {
        depth = 1
@@ -164,20 +164,20 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
            if (pos < len) adv()
          } else { adv() }
        }
-        push(parts, text(src, interp_start, pos))
+        parts[] = text(src, interp_start, pos)
        run_start = pos
      } else {
        adv()
      }
    }
-    if (pos > run_start) push(parts, text(src, run_start, pos))
+    if (pos > run_start) parts[] = text(src, run_start, pos)
    if (pos < len) adv() // skip closing backtick
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: "text", at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col,
      value: text(parts)
-    })
+    }
  }

  var read_number = function() {
@@ -207,12 +207,12 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
      }
    }
    raw = substr(start, pos)
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: "number", at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col,
      value: raw, number: number(raw)
-    })
+    }
  }

  var read_name = function() {
@@ -225,18 +225,18 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    name = substr(start, pos)
    kw = keywords[name]
    if (kw != null) {
-      push(tokens, {
+      tokens[] = {
        kind: kw, at: start,
        from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
        to_row: row, to_column: col
-      })
+      }
    } else {
-      push(tokens, {
+      tokens[] = {
        kind: "name", at: start,
        from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
        to_row: row, to_column: col,
        value: name
-      })
+      }
    }
  }

@@ -258,12 +258,12 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
      }
    }
    raw = substr(start, pos)
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: "comment", at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col,
      value: raw
-    })
+    }
  }

  var emit_op = function(kind, count) {
@@ -272,11 +272,11 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    var start_col = col
    var i = 0
    while (i < count) { adv(); i = i + 1 }
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: kind, at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col
-    })
+    }
  }

  var emit_ident = function(count) {
@@ -285,12 +285,12 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    var start_col = col
    var i = 0
    while (i < count) { adv(); i = i + 1 }
-    push(tokens, {
+    tokens[] = {
      kind: "name", at: start,
      from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col,
      to_row: row, to_column: col,
      value: text(src, start, pos)
-    })
+    }
  }

  var tokenize_one = function() {
@@ -304,21 +304,21 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
    if (c == "\n") {
      start = pos; start_row = row; start_col = col
      adv()
-      push(tokens, { kind: "newline", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: "\n" })
+      tokens[] = { kind: "newline", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: "\n" }
      return true
    }
    if (c == "\r") {
      start = pos; start_row = row; start_col = col
      adv()
      if (pos < len && pk() == "\n") adv()
-      push(tokens, { kind: "newline", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: "\n" })
+      tokens[] = { kind: "newline", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: "\n" }
      return true
    }
    if (c == " " || c == "\t") {
      start = pos; start_row = row; start_col = col
      while (pos < len && (pk() == " " || pk() == "\t")) adv()
      raw = substr(start, pos)
-      push(tokens, { kind: "space", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: raw })
+      tokens[] = { kind: "space", at: start, from_row: start_row, from_column: start_col, to_row: row, to_column: col, value: raw }
      return true
    }
    if (c == "'" || c == "\"") { read_string(c); return true }
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ var tokenize = function(src, filename) {
  }

  // EOF token
-  push(tokens, { kind: "eof", at: pos, from_row: row, from_column: col, to_row: row, to_column: col })
+  tokens[] = { kind: "eof", at: pos, from_row: row, from_column: col, to_row: row, to_column: col }

  return {filename: filename, tokens: tokens}
 }
--- a/toml.cm
+++ b/toml.cm
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ function parse_key_path(str) {
    } else if (c == '.' && !in_quote) {
      piece = trim(current)
      if (piece == null) piece = trim(current)
-      push(parts, parse_key(piece))
+      parts[] = parse_key(piece)
      current = ''
      continue
    }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ function parse_key_path(str) {

  var tail = trim(current)
  if (tail == null) tail = trim(current)
-  if (length(tail) > 0) push(parts, parse_key(tail))
+  if (length(tail) > 0) parts[] = parse_key(tail)

  return parts
 }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ function parse_array(str) {
    } else if (ch == ',' && !in_quotes) {
      piece = trim(current)
      if (piece == null) piece = trim(current)
-      push(items, parse_value(piece))
+      items[] = parse_value(piece)
      current = ''
    } else {
      current = current + ch
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ function parse_array(str) {

  var last = trim(current)
  if (last == null) last = trim(current)
-  if (last) push(items, parse_value(last))
+  if (last) items[] = parse_value(last)

  return items
 }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ function encode_toml(obj) {
    if (is_number(value)) return text(value)
    if (is_array(value)) {
      items = []
-      for (i = 0; i < length(value); i++) push(items, encode_value(value[i]))
+      for (i = 0; i < length(value); i++) items[] = encode_value(value[i])
      return '[' + text(items, ', ') + ']'
    }
    return text(value)
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ function encode_toml(obj) {
  for (i = 0; i < length(keys); i++) {
    key = keys[i]
    value = obj[key]
-    if (!is_object(value)) push(result, quote_key(key) + ' = ' + encode_value(value))
+    if (!is_object(value)) result[] = quote_key(key) + ' = ' + encode_value(value)
  }

  // Second pass: encode nested objects
@@ -252,14 +252,14 @@ function encode_toml(obj) {
      if (is_object(value)) {
        quoted = quote_key(key)
        section_path = path ? path + '.' + quoted : quoted
-        push(result, '[' + section_path + ']')
+        result[] = '[' + section_path + ']'

        // Direct properties
        section_keys = array(value)
        for (j = 0; j < length(section_keys); j++) {
          sk = section_keys[j]
          sv = value[sk]
-          if (!is_object(sv)) push(result, quote_key(sk) + ' = ' + encode_value(sv))
+          if (!is_object(sv)) result[] = quote_key(sk) + ' = ' + encode_value(sv)
        }

        // Nested sections
--- a/update.ce
+++ b/update.ce
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ var target_triple = null
 var follow_links = false
 var git_pull = false
 var i = 0
-var updated = 0
 var packages = null

 var run = function() {
@@ -54,7 +53,14 @@ var run = function() {
 if (target_pkg)
  target_pkg = shop.resolve_locator(target_pkg)

-function update_one(pkg) {
+if (target_pkg) {
+  update_single(target_pkg)
+} else {
+  update_all()
+}
+}
+
+function check_one(pkg) {
  var effective_pkg = pkg
  var link_target = null
  var lock = shop.load_lock()
@@ -62,59 +68,84 @@ function update_one(pkg) {
  var old_commit = old_entry ? old_entry.commit : null
  var info = shop.resolve_package_info(pkg)
  var new_entry = null
-  var old_str = null

  if (follow_links) {
    link_target = link.get_target(pkg)
    if (link_target) {
      effective_pkg = link_target
-      log.console("  Following link: " + pkg + " -> " + effective_pkg)
    }
  }

-  // For local packages with --git, pull first
  if (git_pull && info == 'local' && fd.is_dir(effective_pkg + '/.git')) {
-    log.console("  " + effective_pkg + " (git pull)")
+    log.build("  " + effective_pkg + " (git pull)")
    os.system('git -C "' + effective_pkg + '" pull')
  }

-  // Check for update (sets lock entry if changed)
  new_entry = shop.update(effective_pkg)

-  if (new_entry && new_entry.commit) {
-    old_str = old_commit ? text(old_commit, 0, 8) : "(new)"
-    log.console("  " + effective_pkg + " " + old_str + " -> " + text(new_entry.commit, 0, 8))
+  return {
+    pkg: pkg,
+    effective: effective_pkg,
+    old_commit: old_commit,
+    new_entry: new_entry,
+    changed: new_entry != null && new_entry.commit != null
  }
-
-  // Sync: fetch, extract, build
-  shop.sync(effective_pkg, {target: target_triple})
-
-  return new_entry
 }

-if (target_pkg) {
-  if (update_one(target_pkg)) {
-    log.console("Updated " + target_pkg + ".")
+function sync_one(effective_pkg) {
+  shop.sync(effective_pkg, {target: target_triple})
+}
+
+function update_single(pkg) {
+  var result = check_one(pkg)
+  var old_str = null
+  if (result.changed) {
+    old_str = result.old_commit ? text(result.old_commit, 0, 8) : "(new)"
+    log.console("==> Upgrading " + result.effective)
+    log.console("  " + old_str + " -> " + text(result.new_entry.commit, 0, 8))
+    log.console("==> Syncing " + result.effective)
+    sync_one(result.effective)
+    log.console("Updated " + result.effective + ".")
  } else {
-    log.console(target_pkg + " is up to date.")
+    log.console(pkg + " is up to date.")
  }
-} else {
+}
+
+function update_all() {
+  var results = []
+  var changed = []
+  var result = null
+
  packages = shop.list_packages()
-  log.console("Checking for updates (" + text(length(packages)) + " packages)...")
+  log.console("Checking for updates...")

  arrfor(packages, function(pkg) {
    if (pkg == 'core') return
-    if (update_one(pkg))
-      updated = updated + 1
+    result = check_one(pkg)
+    results[] = result
+    if (result.changed)
+      changed[] = result
  })

-  if (updated > 0) {
-    log.console("Updated " + text(updated) + " package(s).")
-  } else {
+  if (length(changed) == 0) {
    log.console("All packages are up to date.")
+    return
  }
+
+  log.console("==> Upgrading " + text(length(changed)) + " outdated package" + (length(changed) != 1 ? "s" : "") + ":")
+  arrfor(changed, function(r) {
+    var old_str = r.old_commit ? text(r.old_commit, 0, 8) : "(new)"
+    log.console("  " + r.effective + "  " + old_str + " -> " + text(r.new_entry.commit, 0, 8))
+  })
+
+  arrfor(changed, function(r) {
+    log.console("==> Syncing " + r.effective)
+    sync_one(r.effective)
+  })
+
+  log.console("Updated " + text(length(changed)) + " package(s).")
 }
-}
+
 run()

 $stop()
--- a/verify.ce
+++ b/verify.ce
@@ -67,11 +67,11 @@ var warnings = []
 var checked = 0

 function add_error(msg) {
-  push(errors, msg)
+  errors[] = msg
 }

 function add_warning(msg) {
-  push(warnings, msg)
+  warnings[] = msg
 }

 // Verify a single package
@@ -211,12 +211,12 @@ if (scope == 'shop') {
  if (deep) {
    // Gather all dependencies
    all_deps = pkg.gather_dependencies(locator)
-    push(packages_to_verify, locator)
+    packages_to_verify[] = locator
    arrfor(all_deps, function(dep) {
-      push(packages_to_verify, dep)
+      packages_to_verify[] = dep
    })
  } else {
-    push(packages_to_verify, locator)
+    packages_to_verify[] = locator
  }
 }

--- a/verify_ir.cm
+++ b/verify_ir.cm
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ var check_slot_bounds = function(func) {
          if (pos < length(instr) - 2) {
            val = instr[pos]
            if (is_number(val) && (val < 0 || val >= nr_slots)) {
-              push(errors, `slot_bounds: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} slot[${text(positions[j])}]=${text(val)} out of range 0..${text(nr_slots - 1)}`)
+              errors[] = `slot_bounds: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} slot[${text(positions[j])}]=${text(val)} out of range 0..${text(nr_slots - 1)}`
            }
          }
          j = j + 1
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ var check_jump_targets = function(func) {
      if (label_pos != null) {
        target = instr[label_pos + 1]
        if (is_text(target) && labels[target] != true) {
-          push(errors, `jump_targets: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} target label "${target}" not found`)
+          errors[] = `jump_targets: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} target label "${target}" not found`
        }
      }
    }
@@ -301,46 +301,46 @@ var check_type_consistency = function(func) {
      s2 = text(instr[2])
      t2 = slot_types[s2]
      if (t2 != null && t2 != T_INT && t2 != "unknown") {
-        push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected int`)
+        errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected int`
      }
      if (length(instr) >= 6) {
        s3 = text(instr[3])
        t3 = slot_types[s3]
        if (t3 != null && t3 != T_INT && t3 != "unknown") {
-          push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected int`)
+          errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected int`
        }
      }
    } else if (float_ops[op] == true && length(instr) >= 5) {
      s2 = text(instr[2])
      t2 = slot_types[s2]
      if (t2 != null && t2 != T_FLOAT && t2 != "unknown") {
-        push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected float`)
+        errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected float`
      }
      if (length(instr) >= 6) {
        s3 = text(instr[3])
        t3 = slot_types[s3]
        if (t3 != null && t3 != T_FLOAT && t3 != "unknown") {
-          push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected float`)
+          errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected float`
        }
      }
    } else if (text_ops[op] == true && length(instr) >= 5) {
      s2 = text(instr[2])
      t2 = slot_types[s2]
      if (t2 != null && t2 != T_TEXT && t2 != "unknown") {
-        push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected text`)
+        errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected text`
      }
      if (length(instr) >= 6) {
        s3 = text(instr[3])
        t3 = slot_types[s3]
        if (t3 != null && t3 != T_TEXT && t3 != "unknown") {
-          push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected text`)
+          errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src2 slot ${s3} has type ${t3}, expected text`
        }
      }
    } else if (bool_ops[op] == true && length(instr) >= 5) {
      s2 = text(instr[2])
      t2 = slot_types[s2]
      if (t2 != null && t2 != T_BOOL && t2 != "unknown") {
-        push(errors, `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected bool`)
+        errors[] = `type_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} src1 slot ${s2} has type ${t2}, expected bool`
      }
    }

@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ var check_nop_consistency = function(func) {
      if (label_pos != null) {
        target = instr[label_pos + 1]
        if (is_text(target) && nops[target] == true) {
-          push(errors, `nop_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} jumps to nop marker "${target}"`)
+          errors[] = `nop_consistency: instr ${text(i)} op=${op} jumps to nop marker "${target}"`
        }
      }
    }
@@ -415,28 +415,28 @@ var verify_all = function(func, pass_name) {
  check_errors = check_slot_bounds(func)
  i = 0
  while (i < length(check_errors)) {
-    push(all_errors, `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`)
+    all_errors[] = `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`
    i = i + 1
  }

  check_errors = check_jump_targets(func)
  i = 0
  while (i < length(check_errors)) {
-    push(all_errors, `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`)
+    all_errors[] = `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`
    i = i + 1
  }

  check_errors = check_type_consistency(func)
  i = 0
  while (i < length(check_errors)) {
-    push(all_errors, `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`)
+    all_errors[] = `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`
    i = i + 1
  }

  check_errors = check_nop_consistency(func)
  i = 0
  while (i < length(check_errors)) {
-    push(all_errors, `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`)
+    all_errors[] = `${prefix}${fn_name}: ${check_errors[i]}`
    i = i + 1
  }

--- a/xref.ce
+++ b/xref.ce
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ var run = function() {
        if (!creates[text(parent_idx)]) {
          creates[text(parent_idx)] = []
        }
-        push(creates[text(parent_idx)], {child: child_idx, line: instr_line})
+        creates[text(parent_idx)][] = {child: child_idx, line: instr_line}
        if (!created_by[text(child_idx)]) {
          created_by[text(child_idx)] = []
        }
-        push(created_by[text(child_idx)], {parent: parent_idx, line: instr_line})
+        created_by[text(child_idx)][] = {parent: parent_idx, line: instr_line}
      }
      j = j + 1
    }
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
John Alanbrook	a1b41d5ecf	rm push/pop	2026-02-26 08:13:18 -06:00
John Alanbrook	eb19b18594	slow messags	2026-02-26 00:56:43 -06:00
John Alanbrook	e203700d37	Merge branch 'fix_log_err'	2026-02-25 23:30:36 -06:00
John Alanbrook	c56444556d	fix log in engine err	2026-02-25 23:30:32 -06:00
John Alanbrook	080e675d18	better update output	2026-02-25 23:29:37 -06:00