// streamline.cm — mcode IR optimizer
// Composed of independent passes, each a separate function.
// Optional `log` parameter enables structured observability.

var streamline = function(ir, log) {
  // IR verification support — verifier module passed via ir._verify_mod
  // (streamline's use() is use_basic from bootstrap, which can't load source)
  var verify_fn = null
  var verifier = null
  if (ir._verify && ir._verify_mod) {
    verifier = ir._verify_mod
    verify_fn = function(func, pass_name) {
      var errs = verifier.verify_all(func, pass_name)
      var i = 0
      while (i < length(errs)) {
        log.error(`[verify_ir] ${errs[i]}`)
        i = i + 1
      }
      if (length(errs) > 0) {
        log.error(`[verify_ir] ${text(length(errs))} errors after ${pass_name}`)
      }
    }
  }

  // Type constants
  var T_UNKNOWN = "unknown"
  var T_INT = "int"
  var T_FLOAT = "float"
  var T_NUM = "num"
  var T_TEXT = "text"
  var T_BOOL = "bool"
  var T_NULL = "null"
  var T_ARRAY = "array"
  var T_RECORD = "record"
  var T_FUNCTION = "function"
  var T_BLOB = "blob"

  var numeric_ops = {
    add: true, subtract: true, multiply: true,
    divide: true, modulo: true, remainder: true,
    max: true, min: true, pow: true
  }
  var bool_result_ops = {
    eq: true, ne: true, lt: true, gt: true, le: true, ge: true,
    eq_tol: true, ne_tol: true, in: true,
    not: true, and: true, or: true,
    is_int: true, is_text: true, is_num: true,
    is_bool: true, is_null: true, is_identical: true,
    is_array: true, is_func: true, is_record: true, is_stone: true,
    is_blob: true, is_data: true,
    is_true: true, is_false: true, is_fit: true,
    is_char: true, is_digit: true, is_letter: true,
    is_lower: true, is_upper: true, is_ws: true, is_actor: true
  }
  var type_check_map = {
    is_int: T_INT, is_text: T_TEXT, is_num: T_NUM,
    is_bool: T_BOOL, is_null: T_NULL,
    is_array: T_ARRAY, is_func: T_FUNCTION,
    is_record: T_RECORD, is_blob: T_BLOB
  }

  // simplify_algebra dispatch tables
  var self_true_ops = {
    eq: true, is_identical: true, le: true, ge: true
  }
  var self_false_ops = {
    ne: true, lt: true, gt: true
  }
  var no_clear_ops = {
    int: true, access: true, true: true, false: true, move: true, null: true,
    jump: true, jump_true: true, jump_false: true, jump_not_null: true,
    wary_true: true, wary_false: true, jump_null: true, jump_empty: true,
    return: true, disrupt: true,
    store_field: true, store_index: true, store_dynamic: true,
    push: true, setarg: true, invoke: true, tail_invoke: true,
    stone_text: true
  }

  var is_cond_jump = function(op) {
    return op == "jump_true" || op == "jump_false" || op == "jump_not_null"
        || op == "wary_true" || op == "wary_false"
        || op == "jump_null" || op == "jump_empty"
  }

  // --- Logging support ---

  var ir_stats = null
  var time_mod = null
  if (log != null) {
    ir_stats = use("ir_stats")
    time_mod = use("time")
  }

  var run_pass = function(func, pass_name, pass_fn) {
    var before = null
    var after = null
    var t0 = null
    var t1 = null
    var ms = null
    var changed = false
    var result = null
    if (log == null) {
      return pass_fn()
    }
    before = ir_stats.detailed_stats(func)
    t0 = time_mod.number()
    result = pass_fn()
    t1 = time_mod.number()
    after = ir_stats.detailed_stats(func)
    ms = (t1 - t0) * 1000
    changed = before.instr != after.instr ||
              before.nop != after.nop ||
              before.guard != after.guard
    log.passes[] = {
      pass: pass_name,
      fn: func.name,
      ms: ms,
      before: before,
      after: after,
      changed: changed,
      changes: {
        nops_added: after.nop - before.nop,
        guards_removed: before.guard - after.guard
      }
    }
    return result
  }

  // --- Shared helpers ---

  var access_value_type = function(val) {
    if (is_number(val)) {
      if (is_integer(val)) {
        return T_INT
      }
      return T_FLOAT
    }
    if (is_text(val)) {
      return T_TEXT
    }
    return T_UNKNOWN
  }

  // track_types reuses write_rules table; move handled specially
  // Ops safe to narrow from T_NUM to T_INT when both operands are T_INT.
  // Excludes divide (int/int can produce float) and pow (int**neg produces float).
  var int_narrowable_ops = {
    add: true, subtract: true, multiply: true,
    remainder: true, modulo: true, max: true, min: true
  }

  var track_types = function(slot_types, instr) {
    var op = instr[0]
    var rule = null
    var src_type = null
    var typ = null
    if (op == "move") {
      src_type = slot_types[instr[2]]
      slot_types[instr[1]] = src_type != null ? src_type : T_UNKNOWN
      return null
    }
    if (op == "load_index") {
      slot_types[instr[2]] = T_ARRAY
      slot_types[instr[3]] = T_INT
    } else if (op == "store_index") {
      slot_types[instr[1]] = T_ARRAY
      slot_types[instr[3]] = T_INT
    } else if (op == "load_field") {
      slot_types[instr[2]] = T_RECORD
    } else if (op == "store_field") {
      slot_types[instr[1]] = T_RECORD
    } else if (op == "push") {
      slot_types[instr[1]] = T_ARRAY
    } else if (op == "pop") {
      slot_types[instr[2]] = T_ARRAY
    }
    rule = write_rules[op]
    if (rule != null) {
      typ = rule[1]
      if (typ == null) {
        typ = access_value_type(instr[2])
      }
      // Narrow T_NUM to T_INT when both operands are T_INT
      if (typ == T_NUM && instr[3] != null && int_narrowable_ops[op] == true) {
        if (slot_is(slot_types, instr[2], T_INT)
            && slot_is(slot_types, instr[3], T_INT)) {
          typ = T_INT
        }
      }
      slot_types[instr[rule[0]]] = typ
    }
    return null
  }

  var slot_is = function(slot_types, slot, typ) {
    var known = slot_types[slot]
    if (known == null) {
      return false
    }
    if (known == typ) {
      return true
    }
    if (typ == T_NUM && (known == T_INT || known == T_FLOAT)) {
      return true
    }
    return false
  }

  var merge_backward = function(backward_types, slot, typ) {
    var existing = null
    if (!is_number(slot)) {
      return null
    }
    existing = backward_types[slot]
    if (existing == null) {
      backward_types[slot] = typ
    } else if (existing != typ && existing != T_UNKNOWN) {
      if ((existing == T_INT || existing == T_FLOAT) && typ == T_NUM) {
        backward_types[slot] = T_NUM
      } else if (existing == T_NUM && (typ == T_INT || typ == T_FLOAT)) {
        // Keep wider T_NUM
      } else if ((existing == T_INT && typ == T_FLOAT) || (existing == T_FLOAT && typ == T_INT)) {
        backward_types[slot] = T_NUM
      } else {
        backward_types[slot] = T_UNKNOWN
      }
    }
    return null
  }

  var seed_params = function(slot_types, param_types, nr_args) {
    var j = 1
    while (j <= nr_args) {
      if (param_types[j] != null) {
        slot_types[j] = param_types[j]
      }
      j = j + 1
    }
    return null
  }

  var seed_writes = function(slot_types, write_types) {
    var k = 0
    while (k < length(write_types)) {
      if (write_types[k] != null) {
        slot_types[k] = write_types[k]
      }
      k = k + 1
    }
    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: infer_param_types — backward type inference
  // Scans typed operators to infer immutable parameter types.
  // Uses data-driven dispatch: each rule is [pos1, type1] or
  // [pos1, type1, pos2, type2] for operand positions to merge.
  // =========================================================
  var param_rules = {
    add: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM],
    subtract: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM], multiply: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM],
    divide: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM], modulo: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM],
    remainder: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM], max: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM],
    min: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM], pow: [2, T_NUM, 3, T_NUM],
    negate: [2, T_NUM], abs: [2, T_NUM], sign: [2, T_NUM],
    fraction: [2, T_NUM], integer: [2, T_NUM],
    floor: [2, T_NUM], ceiling: [2, T_NUM],
    round: [2, T_NUM], trunc: [2, T_NUM],
    bitand: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT], bitor: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT],
    bitxor: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT], shl: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT],
    shr: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT], ushr: [2, T_INT, 3, T_INT],
    bitnot: [2, T_INT],
    concat: [2, T_TEXT, 3, T_TEXT],
    and: [2, T_BOOL, 3, T_BOOL], or: [2, T_BOOL, 3, T_BOOL],
    store_index: [1, T_ARRAY, 2, T_INT], store_field: [1, T_RECORD],
    push: [1, T_ARRAY],
    load_index: [2, T_ARRAY, 3, T_INT], load_field: [2, T_RECORD],
    pop: [2, T_ARRAY]
  }

  var infer_param_types = function(func) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_args = func.nr_args != null ? func.nr_args : 0
    var num_instr = 0
    var backward_types = null
    var param_types = null
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var iter = 0
    var instr = null
    var bt = null
    var src = 0
    var dst = 0
    var old_bt = null
    var changed = false
    var rule = null

    if (instructions == null || nr_args == 0) {
      return array(func.nr_slots)
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    backward_types = array(func.nr_slots)
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        rule = param_rules[instr[0]]
        if (rule != null) {
          merge_backward(backward_types, instr[rule[0]], rule[1])
          if (length(rule) > 2) {
            merge_backward(backward_types, instr[rule[2]], rule[3])
          }
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Propagate typed constraints backward through move chains.
    changed = true
    iter = 0
    while (changed && iter < num_instr + 4) {
      changed = false
      i = 0
      while (i < num_instr) {
        instr = instructions[i]
        if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "move") {
          dst = instr[1]
          src = instr[2]
          bt = backward_types[dst]
          if (bt != null && bt != T_UNKNOWN) {
            old_bt = backward_types[src]
            merge_backward(backward_types, src, bt)
            if (backward_types[src] != old_bt) {
              changed = true
            }
          }
        }
        i = i + 1
      }
      iter = iter + 1
    }

    param_types = array(func.nr_slots)
    j = 1
    while (j <= nr_args) {
      bt = backward_types[j]
      if (bt != null && bt != T_UNKNOWN) {
        param_types[j] = bt
      }
      j = j + 1
    }
    return param_types
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: infer_slot_write_types — slot write-type invariance
  // Scans all instructions to find non-parameter slots where
  // every write produces the same type. These types persist
  // across label join points.
  // Uses data-driven dispatch: each rule is [dest_pos, type].
  // =========================================================
  var write_rules = {
    int: [1, T_INT], true: [1, T_BOOL], false: [1, T_BOOL],
    null: [1, T_NULL], access: [1, null],
    array: [1, T_ARRAY], record: [1, T_RECORD],
    function: [1, T_FUNCTION], length: [1, T_INT],
    bitnot: [1, T_INT], bitand: [1, T_INT], bitor: [1, T_INT],
    bitxor: [1, T_INT], shl: [1, T_INT], shr: [1, T_INT], ushr: [1, T_INT],
    negate: [1, T_NUM], concat: [1, T_TEXT],
    abs: [1, T_NUM], sign: [1, T_INT], fraction: [1, T_NUM],
    integer: [1, T_NUM], floor: [1, T_NUM], ceiling: [1, T_NUM],
    round: [1, T_NUM], trunc: [1, T_NUM],
    eq: [1, T_BOOL], ne: [1, T_BOOL], lt: [1, T_BOOL],
    le: [1, T_BOOL], gt: [1, T_BOOL], ge: [1, T_BOOL], in: [1, T_BOOL],
    add: [1, T_NUM], subtract: [1, T_NUM], multiply: [1, T_NUM],
    divide: [1, T_NUM], modulo: [1, T_NUM], remainder: [1, T_NUM],
    max: [1, T_NUM], min: [1, T_NUM], pow: [1, T_NUM],
    move: [1, T_UNKNOWN], load_field: [1, T_UNKNOWN],
    load_index: [1, T_UNKNOWN], load_dynamic: [1, T_UNKNOWN],
    pop: [1, T_UNKNOWN], get: [1, T_UNKNOWN],
    invoke: [2, T_UNKNOWN], tail_invoke: [2, T_UNKNOWN],
    eq_tol: [1, T_BOOL], ne_tol: [1, T_BOOL],
    not: [1, T_BOOL], and: [1, T_BOOL], or: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_int: [1, T_BOOL], is_text: [1, T_BOOL], is_num: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_bool: [1, T_BOOL], is_null: [1, T_BOOL], is_identical: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_array: [1, T_BOOL], is_func: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_record: [1, T_BOOL], is_stone: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_blob: [1, T_BOOL], is_data: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_true: [1, T_BOOL], is_false: [1, T_BOOL], is_fit: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_char: [1, T_BOOL], is_digit: [1, T_BOOL], is_letter: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_lower: [1, T_BOOL], is_upper: [1, T_BOOL], is_ws: [1, T_BOOL],
    is_actor: [1, T_BOOL]
  }

  // Known intrinsic return types for invoke result inference.
  var intrinsic_return_types = {
    abs: T_NUM, floor: T_NUM, ceiling: T_NUM,
    round: T_NUM, trunc: T_NUM, fraction: T_NUM,
    integer: T_NUM, whole: T_NUM, sign: T_NUM,
    max: T_NUM, min: T_NUM, remainder: T_NUM, modulo: T_NUM,
    is_integer: T_BOOL, is_text: T_BOOL, is_number: T_BOOL,
    is_null: T_BOOL, is_array: T_BOOL, is_function: T_BOOL,
    is_object: T_BOOL, is_logical: T_BOOL, is_stone: T_BOOL,
    is_blob: T_BOOL, starts_with: T_BOOL, ends_with: T_BOOL,
    some: T_BOOL, every: T_BOOL
  }

  var narrow_arith_type = function(write_types, param_types, instr, typ) {
    var s2 = null
    var s3 = null
    var t2 = null
    var t3 = null
    if (typ != T_NUM || instr[3] == null || int_narrowable_ops[instr[0]] != true) {
      return typ
    }
    s2 = instr[2]
    s3 = instr[3]
    if (is_number(s2)) {
      t2 = write_types[s2]
      if (t2 == null && param_types != null && s2 < length(param_types)) {
        t2 = param_types[s2]
      }
    }
    if (is_number(s3)) {
      t3 = write_types[s3]
      if (t3 == null && param_types != null && s3 < length(param_types)) {
        t3 = param_types[s3]
      }
    }
    if (t2 == T_INT && t3 == T_INT) {
      return T_INT
    }
    return typ
  }

  var infer_slot_write_types = function(func, param_types) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_args = func.nr_args != null ? func.nr_args : 0
    var num_instr = 0
    var write_types = null
    var frame_callee = null
    var intrinsic_slots = null
    var move_dests = null
    var move_srcs = null
    var i = 0
    var k = 0
    var iter = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var src = 0
    var slot = 0
    var old_typ = null
    var src_typ = null
    var typ = null
    var callee_slot = null
    var changed = false
    var rule = null
    var cw_keys = null

    if (instructions == null) {
      return array(func.nr_slots)
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    write_types = array(func.nr_slots)
    frame_callee = array(func.nr_slots)
    intrinsic_slots = array(func.nr_slots)
    move_dests = []
    move_srcs = []
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        op = instr[0]
        if (op == "access") {
          slot = instr[1]
          if (slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
            merge_backward(write_types, slot, access_value_type(instr[2]))
          }
          if (is_object(instr[2]) && instr[2].make == "intrinsic") {
            typ = intrinsic_return_types[instr[2].name]
            if (typ != null && slot >= 0 && slot < length(intrinsic_slots)) {
              intrinsic_slots[slot] = typ
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        if (op == "move") {
          slot = instr[1]
          if (slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
            move_dests[] = slot
            move_srcs[] = instr[2]
          }
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        if (op == "frame" || op == "goframe") {
          if (is_number(instr[1]) && instr[1] >= 0 && instr[1] < length(frame_callee)) {
            frame_callee[instr[1]] = instr[2]
          }
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        if (op == "invoke" || op == "tail_invoke") {
          slot = instr[2]
          typ = T_UNKNOWN
          callee_slot = frame_callee[instr[1]]
          if (is_number(callee_slot) && callee_slot >= 0 && callee_slot < length(intrinsic_slots)) {
            if (intrinsic_slots[callee_slot] != null) {
              typ = intrinsic_slots[callee_slot]
            }
          }
          if (slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
            merge_backward(write_types, slot, typ)
          }
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        if (op == "get" && func._closure_slot_types != null) {
          slot = instr[1]
          typ = T_UNKNOWN
          src_typ = func._closure_slot_types[text(instr[2]) + "_" + text(instr[3])]
          if (src_typ != null) {
            typ = src_typ
          }
          if (slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
            merge_backward(write_types, slot, typ)
          }
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }

        rule = write_rules[op]
        if (rule != null) {
          slot = instr[rule[0]]
          typ = rule[1]
          if (typ == null) {
            typ = access_value_type(instr[2])
          }
          typ = narrow_arith_type(write_types, param_types, instr, typ)
          if (slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
            merge_backward(write_types, slot, typ)
          }
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Resolve move writes from known source invariants (fixed-point).
    changed = true
    iter = 0
    while (changed && iter < length(write_types) + 4) {
      changed = false
      k = 0
      while (k < length(move_dests)) {
        slot = move_dests[k]
        src = move_srcs[k]
        src_typ = null
        if (is_number(src) && src >= 0) {
          if (src < length(write_types) && write_types[src] != null) {
            src_typ = write_types[src]
          } else if (param_types != null && src < length(param_types) && param_types[src] != null) {
            src_typ = param_types[src]
          }
        }
        if (src_typ != null) {
          old_typ = write_types[slot]
          merge_backward(write_types, slot, src_typ)
          if (write_types[slot] != old_typ) {
            changed = true
          }
        }
        k = k + 1
      }
      iter = iter + 1
    }

    // Any remaining unresolved move write can carry arbitrary type.
    k = 0
    while (k < length(move_dests)) {
      slot = move_dests[k]
      src = move_srcs[k]
      src_typ = null
      if (is_number(src) && src >= 0) {
        if (src < length(write_types) && write_types[src] != null) {
          src_typ = write_types[src]
        } else if (param_types != null && src < length(param_types) && param_types[src] != null) {
          src_typ = param_types[src]
        }
      }
      if (src_typ == null && slot > 0 && slot > nr_args) {
        merge_backward(write_types, slot, T_UNKNOWN)
      }
      k = k + 1
    }

    // Closure-written slots can have any type at runtime — mark unknown
    if (func.closure_written != null) {
      cw_keys = array(func.closure_written)
      k = 0
      while (k < length(cw_keys)) {
        slot = number(cw_keys[k])
        if (slot >= 0 && slot < length(write_types)) {
          write_types[slot] = T_UNKNOWN
        }
        k = k + 1
      }
    }

    // Filter to only slots with known (non-unknown) types
    k = 0
    while (k < length(write_types)) {
      if (write_types[k] == T_UNKNOWN) {
        write_types[k] = null
      }
      k = k + 1
    }
    return write_types
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: eliminate_type_checks — language-level type narrowing
  // Eliminates is_<type>/jump pairs when type is known.
  // Reduces load_dynamic/store_dynamic to field/index forms.
  // =========================================================
  var eliminate_type_checks = function(func, param_types, write_types, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_args = func.nr_args != null ? func.nr_args : 0
    var num_instr = 0
    var base_types = null
    var slot_types = null
    var nc = 0
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var dest = 0
    var src = 0
    var checked_type = null
    var next = null
    var next_op = null
    var target_label = null
    var src_known = null
    var jlen = 0
    var events = null
    var old_op = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return {}
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)

    // Pre-compute base types: params + write-invariant types
    base_types = array(func.nr_slots)
    j = 1
    while (j <= nr_args) {
      if (param_types[j] != null) {
        base_types[j] = param_types[j]
      }
      j = j + 1
    }
    j = 0
    while (j < length(write_types)) {
      if (write_types[j] != null) {
        base_types[j] = write_types[j]
      }
      j = j + 1
    }

    slot_types = array(base_types)

    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]

      if (is_text(instr)) {
        slot_types = array(base_types)
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      if (!is_array(instr)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      op = instr[0]

      // Type-check + jump elimination
      if (type_check_map[op] != null && i + 1 < num_instr) {
        dest = instr[1]
        src = instr[2]
        checked_type = type_check_map[op]
        next = instructions[i + 1]

        if (is_array(next)) {
          next_op = next[0]

          // is_null + jump fusion: replace with jump_null / jump_not_null
          if (op == "is_null" && (next_op == "jump_true" || next_op == "wary_true") && next[1] == dest) {
            jlen = length(next)
            nc = nc + 1
            instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
            instructions[i + 1] = ["jump_null", src, next[2], next[jlen - 2], next[jlen - 1]]
            if (events != null) {
              events[] = {
                event: "rewrite",
                pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                rule: "is_null_jump_fusion",
                at: i,
                before: [instr, next],
                after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                why: {slot: src, fused_to: "jump_null"}
              }
            }
            slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
            i = i + 2
            continue
          }
          if (op == "is_null" && (next_op == "jump_false" || next_op == "wary_false") && next[1] == dest) {
            jlen = length(next)
            nc = nc + 1
            instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
            instructions[i + 1] = ["jump_not_null", src, next[2], next[jlen - 2], next[jlen - 1]]
            if (events != null) {
              events[] = {
                event: "rewrite",
                pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                rule: "is_null_jump_fusion",
                at: i,
                before: [instr, next],
                after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                why: {slot: src, fused_to: "jump_not_null"}
              }
            }
            slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
            i = i + 2
            continue
          }

          if ((next_op == "jump_false" || next_op == "wary_false") && next[1] == dest) {
            target_label = next[2]
            if (slot_is(slot_types, src, checked_type)) {
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i + 1] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              if (events != null) {
                events[] = {
                  event: "rewrite",
                  pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                  rule: "known_type_eliminates_guard",
                  at: i,
                  before: [instr, next],
                  after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                  why: {slot: src, known_type: slot_types[src], checked_type: checked_type}
                }
              }
              slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
              i = i + 2
              continue
            }
            src_known = slot_types[src]
            if (src_known != null && src_known != T_UNKNOWN && src_known != checked_type) {
              if (checked_type == T_NUM && (src_known == T_INT || src_known == T_FLOAT)) {
                nc = nc + 1
                instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
                nc = nc + 1
                instructions[i + 1] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
                if (events != null) {
                  events[] = {
                    event: "rewrite",
                    pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                    rule: "num_subsumes_int_float",
                    at: i,
                    before: [instr, next],
                    after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                    why: {slot: src, known_type: src_known, checked_type: checked_type}
                  }
                }
                slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
                i = i + 2
                continue
              }
              if ((checked_type == T_INT || checked_type == T_FLOAT) && src_known == T_NUM) {
                // T_NUM could be int or float — not a mismatch, keep check
                slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
                slot_types[src] = checked_type
                i = i + 2
                continue
              }
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              jlen = length(next)
              instructions[i + 1] = ["jump", target_label, next[jlen - 2], next[jlen - 1]]
              if (events != null) {
                events[] = {
                  event: "rewrite",
                  pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                  rule: "incompatible_type_forces_jump",
                  at: i,
                  before: [instr, next],
                  after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                  why: {slot: src, known_type: src_known, checked_type: checked_type}
                }
              }
              slot_types[dest] = T_UNKNOWN
              i = i + 2
              continue
            }
            slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
            slot_types[src] = checked_type
            i = i + 2
            continue
          }

          if ((next_op == "jump_true" || next_op == "wary_true") && next[1] == dest) {
            target_label = next[2]
            if (slot_is(slot_types, src, checked_type)) {
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              jlen = length(next)
              instructions[i + 1] = ["jump", target_label, next[jlen - 2], next[jlen - 1]]
              if (events != null) {
                events[] = {
                  event: "rewrite",
                  pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                  rule: "known_type_eliminates_guard",
                  at: i,
                  before: [instr, next],
                  after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                  why: {slot: src, known_type: slot_types[src], checked_type: checked_type}
                }
              }
              slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
              i = i + 2
              continue
            }
            src_known = slot_types[src]
            if (src_known != null && src_known != T_UNKNOWN && src_known != checked_type) {
              if (checked_type == T_NUM && (src_known == T_INT || src_known == T_FLOAT)) {
                nc = nc + 1
                instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
                jlen = length(next)
                instructions[i + 1] = ["jump", target_label, next[jlen - 2], next[jlen - 1]]
                if (events != null) {
                  events[] = {
                    event: "rewrite",
                    pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                    rule: "num_subsumes_int_float",
                    at: i,
                    before: [instr, next],
                    after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                    why: {slot: src, known_type: src_known, checked_type: checked_type}
                  }
                }
                slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
                i = i + 2
                continue
              }
              if ((checked_type == T_INT || checked_type == T_FLOAT) && src_known == T_NUM) {
                // T_NUM could be int or float — not a mismatch, keep check
                slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
                i = i + 2
                continue
              }
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i + 1] = "_nop_tc_" + text(nc)
              if (events != null) {
                events[] = {
                  event: "rewrite",
                  pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
                  rule: "incompatible_type_forces_jump",
                  at: i,
                  before: [instr, next],
                  after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]],
                  why: {slot: src, known_type: src_known, checked_type: checked_type}
                }
              }
              slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
              i = i + 2
              continue
            }
            slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
            i = i + 2
            continue
          }
        }

        slot_types[dest] = T_BOOL
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Dynamic access reduction
      if (op == "load_dynamic") {
        old_op = op
        if (slot_is(slot_types, instr[2], T_RECORD) && slot_is(slot_types, instr[3], T_TEXT)) {
          instr[0] = "load_field"
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite",
              pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
              rule: "dynamic_record_to_field",
              at: i, before: old_op, after: instr[0],
              why: {
                object_slot: instr[2], object_type: slot_types[instr[2]],
                key_slot: instr[3], key_type: slot_types[instr[3]]
              }
            }
          }
        } else if (slot_is(slot_types, instr[2], T_ARRAY) && slot_is(slot_types, instr[3], T_INT)) {
          instr[0] = "load_index"
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite",
              pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
              rule: "dynamic_array_to_index",
              at: i, before: old_op, after: instr[0],
              why: {
                object_slot: instr[2], object_type: slot_types[instr[2]],
                key_slot: instr[3], key_type: slot_types[instr[3]]
              }
            }
          }
        }
        slot_types[instr[1]] = T_UNKNOWN
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }
      if (op == "store_dynamic") {
        old_op = op
        if (slot_is(slot_types, instr[1], T_RECORD) && slot_is(slot_types, instr[3], T_TEXT)) {
          instr[0] = "store_field"
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite",
              pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
              rule: "dynamic_record_to_field",
              at: i, before: old_op, after: instr[0],
              why: {
                object_slot: instr[1], object_type: slot_types[instr[1]],
                key_slot: instr[3], key_type: slot_types[instr[3]]
              }
            }
          }
        } else if (slot_is(slot_types, instr[1], T_ARRAY) && slot_is(slot_types, instr[3], T_INT)) {
          instr[0] = "store_index"
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite",
              pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
              rule: "dynamic_array_to_index",
              at: i, before: old_op, after: instr[0],
              why: {
                object_slot: instr[1], object_type: slot_types[instr[1]],
                key_slot: instr[3], key_type: slot_types[instr[3]]
              }
            }
          }
        }
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Wary-to-certain: if slot type is T_BOOL, downgrade wary to certain jump
      if (op == "wary_true" && slot_is(slot_types, instr[1], T_BOOL)) {
        instr[0] = "jump_true"
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite",
            pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
            rule: "wary_to_certain",
            at: i, before: "wary_true", after: "jump_true",
            why: {slot: instr[1], known_type: T_BOOL}
          }
        }
      }
      if (op == "wary_false" && slot_is(slot_types, instr[1], T_BOOL)) {
        instr[0] = "jump_false"
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite",
            pass: "eliminate_type_checks",
            rule: "wary_to_certain",
            at: i, before: "wary_false", after: "jump_false",
            why: {slot: instr[1], known_type: T_BOOL}
          }
        }
      }

      track_types(slot_types, instr)
      i = i + 1
    }

    return slot_types
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: simplify_algebra — algebraic identity & comparison
  // Tracks known constant values. Rewrites identity ops to
  // moves or constants. Folds same-slot comparisons.
  // =========================================================
  var simplify_algebra = function(func, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var slot_values = null
    var nc = 0
    var i = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var ilen = 0
    var sv = null
    var events = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    slot_values = array(func.nr_slots)

    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]

      if (is_text(instr)) {
        slot_values = array(func.nr_slots)
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }
      if (!is_array(instr)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      op = instr[0]
      ilen = length(instr)

      // Track known constant values
      if (op == "int") {
        slot_values[instr[1]] = instr[2]
      } else if (op == "access" && is_number(instr[2])) {
        slot_values[instr[1]] = instr[2]
      } else if (op == "true") {
        slot_values[instr[1]] = true
      } else if (op == "false") {
        slot_values[instr[1]] = false
      } else if (op == "move") {
        sv = slot_values[instr[2]]
        if (sv != null) {
          slot_values[instr[1]] = sv
        } else {
          slot_values[instr[1]] = null
        }
      }

      // Same-slot comparisons
      if (is_number(instr[2]) && instr[2] == instr[3]) {
        if (self_true_ops[op] == true) {
          instructions[i] = ["true", instr[1], instr[ilen - 2], instr[ilen - 1]]
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_algebra",
              rule: "self_eq", at: i,
              before: instr, after: instructions[i],
              why: {op: op, slot: instr[2]}
            }
          }
          slot_values[instr[1]] = true
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        if (self_false_ops[op] == true) {
          instructions[i] = ["false", instr[1], instr[ilen - 2], instr[ilen - 1]]
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_algebra",
              rule: "self_ne", at: i,
              before: instr, after: instructions[i],
              why: {op: op, slot: instr[2]}
            }
          }
          slot_values[instr[1]] = false
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
      }

      // Clear value tracking for dest-producing ops (not reads-only)
      if (op == "invoke" || op == "tail_invoke") {
        slot_values[instr[2]] = null
      } else if (no_clear_ops[op] != true) {
        if (is_number(instr[1])) {
          slot_values[instr[1]] = null
        }
      }

      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: simplify_booleans — not+jump fusion, double-not
  // =========================================================
  var simplify_booleans = function(func, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var nc = 0
    var i = 0
    var instr = null
    var next = null
    var next_op = null
    var nlen = 0
    var events = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (!is_array(instr) || instr[0] != "not" || i + 1 >= num_instr) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      next = instructions[i + 1]
      if (!is_array(next)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      next_op = next[0]
      nlen = length(next)

      // not d, x; jump_false d, label → wary_true x, label
      // (removing `not` removes coercion, so result must be wary)
      if (next_op == "jump_false" && next[1] == instr[1]) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[i] = "_nop_bl_" + text(nc)
        instructions[i + 1] = ["wary_true", instr[2], next[2], next[nlen - 2], next[nlen - 1]]
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_booleans",
            rule: "not_jump_false_fusion", at: i,
            before: [instr, next],
            after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]]
          }
        }
        i = i + 2
        continue
      }

      // not d, x; jump_true d, label → wary_false x, label
      if (next_op == "jump_true" && next[1] == instr[1]) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[i] = "_nop_bl_" + text(nc)
        instructions[i + 1] = ["wary_false", instr[2], next[2], next[nlen - 2], next[nlen - 1]]
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_booleans",
            rule: "not_jump_true_fusion", at: i,
            before: [instr, next],
            after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]]
          }
        }
        i = i + 2
        continue
      }

      // not d, x; wary_false d, label → wary_true x, label
      if (next_op == "wary_false" && next[1] == instr[1]) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[i] = "_nop_bl_" + text(nc)
        instructions[i + 1] = ["wary_true", instr[2], next[2], next[nlen - 2], next[nlen - 1]]
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_booleans",
            rule: "not_wary_false_fusion", at: i,
            before: [instr, next],
            after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]]
          }
        }
        i = i + 2
        continue
      }

      // not d, x; wary_true d, label → wary_false x, label
      if (next_op == "wary_true" && next[1] == instr[1]) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[i] = "_nop_bl_" + text(nc)
        instructions[i + 1] = ["wary_false", instr[2], next[2], next[nlen - 2], next[nlen - 1]]
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_booleans",
            rule: "not_wary_true_fusion", at: i,
            before: [instr, next],
            after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]]
          }
        }
        i = i + 2
        continue
      }

      // not d1, x; not d2, d1 → move d2, x
      if (next_op == "not" && next[2] == instr[1]) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[i] = "_nop_bl_" + text(nc)
        instructions[i + 1] = ["move", next[1], instr[2], next[nlen - 2], next[nlen - 1]]
        if (events != null) {
          events[] = {
            event: "rewrite", pass: "simplify_booleans",
            rule: "double_not", at: i,
            before: [instr, next],
            after: [instructions[i], instructions[i + 1]]
          }
        }
        i = i + 2
        continue
      }

      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: eliminate_moves — copy propagation + self-move nop
  // Tracks move chains within basic blocks, substitutes read
  // operands to use the original source, and nops self-moves.
  // =========================================================
  var eliminate_moves = function(func, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var nc = 0
    var i = 0
    var instr = null
    var events = null
    var copies = null
    var key = null
    var actual = null
    var dest = 0
    var src = 0
    var wr = null
    var write_pos = null
    var op = null
    var j = 0
    var k = 0
    var keys = null
    var special = null
    var limit = 0

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    copies = {}
    num_instr = length(instructions)
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]

      // Labels: clear copies at join points
      if (is_text(instr)) {
        if (!starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
          copies = {}
        }
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      if (!is_array(instr)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      op = instr[0]

      // Control flow without reads: clear copies
      if (op == "jump" || op == "disrupt") {
        copies = {}
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Control flow with a read at position 1: substitute then clear
      if (op == "return" || is_cond_jump(op)) {
        actual = copies[text(instr[1])]
        if (actual != null) {
          instr[1] = actual
        }
        copies = {}
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Move: copy propagation
      if (op == "move") {
        dest = instr[1]
        src = instr[2]

        // Follow transitive chain for src
        actual = copies[text(src)]
        if (actual == null) {
          actual = src
        }

        // Rewrite the move's src operand
        instr[2] = actual

        // Kill stale entries for dest
        key = text(dest)
        copies[key] = null
        keys = array(copies)
        k = 0
        while (k < length(keys)) {
          if (copies[keys[k]] == dest) {
            copies[keys[k]] = null
          }
          k = k + 1
        }

        // Record the new copy
        copies[text(dest)] = actual

        // Self-move after substitution → nop
        if (dest == actual) {
          nc = nc + 1
          instructions[i] = "_nop_mv_" + text(nc)
          if (events != null) {
            events[] = {
              event: "rewrite", pass: "eliminate_moves",
              rule: "self_move", at: i,
              before: ["move", dest, src], after: instructions[i]
            }
          }
        }

        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // General instruction: substitute reads, then kill write
      wr = write_rules[op]
      write_pos = null
      if (wr != null) {
        write_pos = wr[0]
      }

      // Substitute read operands
      special = slot_idx_special[op]
      if (special != null) {
        j = 0
        while (j < length(special)) {
          k = special[j]
          if (k != write_pos && is_number(instr[k])) {
            actual = copies[text(instr[k])]
            if (actual != null) {
              instr[k] = actual
            }
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      } else {
        limit = length(instr) - 2
        j = 1
        while (j < limit) {
          if (j != write_pos && is_number(instr[j])) {
            actual = copies[text(instr[j])]
            if (actual != null) {
              instr[j] = actual
            }
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      }

      // Kill write destination
      if (write_pos != null && is_number(instr[write_pos])) {
        dest = instr[write_pos]
        key = text(dest)
        copies[key] = null
        keys = array(copies)
        k = 0
        while (k < length(keys)) {
          if (copies[keys[k]] == dest) {
            copies[keys[k]] = null
          }
          k = k + 1
        }
      }

      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: insert_stone_text — freeze mutable text at escape points
  // Only inserts stone_text when the slot is provably T_TEXT.
  // Escape points: setfield, setindex, store_field, store_index,
  // store_dynamic, push, setarg, put (value leaving its slot).
  // move: stone source only if source is still live after the move.
  // =========================================================

  // Map: escape opcode → index of the escaping slot in the instruction
  var escape_slot_index = {
    setfield: 3, setindex: 3,
    store_field: 3, store_index: 3, store_dynamic: 3,
    push: 2, setarg: 3, put: 1
  }

  // Build last_ref liveness array for a function's instructions.
  // Returns array where last_ref[slot] = last instruction index referencing that slot.
  // Uses get_slot_refs to only visit actual slot reference positions.
  var build_slot_liveness = function(instructions, nr_slots) {
    var last_ref = array(nr_slots, -1)
    var n = length(instructions)
    var refs = null
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var s = 0
    var instr = null
    var label_map = null
    var changed = false
    var op = null
    var target = null
    var tpos = 0

    // Scan instructions for slot references
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        refs = get_slot_refs(instr)
        j = 0
        while (j < length(refs)) {
          s = instr[refs[j]]
          if (is_number(s) && s >= 0 && s < nr_slots) {
            last_ref[s] = i
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Extend for backward jumps (loops)
    label_map = {}
    i = 0
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_text(instr) && !starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
        label_map[instr] = i
      }
      i = i + 1
    }
    changed = true
    while (changed) {
      changed = false
      i = 0
      while (i < n) {
        instr = instructions[i]
        if (is_array(instr)) {
          target = null
          op = instr[0]
          if (op == "jump") {
            target = instr[1]
          } else if (is_cond_jump(op)) {
            target = instr[2]
          }
          if (target != null && is_text(target)) {
            tpos = label_map[target]
            if (tpos != null && tpos < i) {
              s = 0
              while (s < nr_slots) {
                if (last_ref[s] >= 0 && last_ref[s] >= tpos && last_ref[s] < i) {
                  last_ref[s] = i
                  changed = true
                }
                s = s + 1
              }
            }
          }
        }
        i = i + 1
      }
    }

    return last_ref
  }

  var insert_stone_text = function(func, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_slots = func.nr_slots
    var dpc = func.disruption_pc
    var events = null
    var slot_types = null
    var result = null
    var i = 0
    var n = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var esc = null
    var slot = 0
    var nc = 0
    var shift = 0
    var last_ref = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    // Build liveness info (in separate function to stay under slot limit)
    last_ref = build_slot_liveness(instructions, nr_slots)

    // Walk instructions, tracking types, inserting stone_text
    n = length(instructions)
    slot_types = array(nr_slots, T_UNKNOWN)
    result = []
    i = 0
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        op = instr[0]
        esc = escape_slot_index[op]
        if (esc != null) {
          slot = instr[esc]
          if (is_number(slot) && slot_is(slot_types, slot, T_TEXT)) {
            result[] = ["stone_text", slot]
            nc = nc + 1
            if (is_number(dpc) && i < dpc) shift = shift + 1
            if (events != null) {
              events[] = {
                event: "insert", pass: "insert_stone_text",
                rule: "escape_stone", at: i, slot: slot, op: op
              }
            }
          }
        } else if (op == "move") {
          // Stone source before move only if source is provably text
          // AND source slot is still live after this instruction
          slot = instr[2]
          if (is_number(slot) && slot_is(slot_types, slot, T_TEXT) && last_ref[slot] > i) {
            result[] = ["stone_text", slot]
            nc = nc + 1
            if (is_number(dpc) && i < dpc) shift = shift + 1
            if (events != null) {
              events[] = {
                event: "insert", pass: "insert_stone_text",
                rule: "move_alias_stone", at: i, slot: slot
              }
            }
          }
        }
        track_types(slot_types, instr)
      }
      result[] = instr
      i = i + 1
    }

    if (nc > 0) {
      func.instructions = result
      if (is_number(dpc) && shift > 0) {
        func.disruption_pc = dpc + shift
      }
    }
    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: eliminate_unreachable — nop code after return/disrupt
  // =========================================================
  var eliminate_unreachable = function(func) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var nc = 0
    var after_return = false
    var i = 0
    var instr = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_text(instr)) {
        if (!starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
          after_return = false
        }
      } else if (is_array(instr)) {
        if (after_return) {
          nc = nc + 1
          instructions[i] = "_nop_ur_" + text(nc)
        } else if (instr[0] == "return") {
          after_return = true
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: eliminate_unreachable_cfg — nop blocks not reachable
  // from function entry under explicit jump control-flow.
  // =========================================================
  var eliminate_unreachable_cfg = function(func) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var disruption_pc = -1
    var label_map = null
    var reachable = null
    var stack = null
    var sp = 0
    var idx = 0
    var tgt = null
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var nc = 0

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    if (is_number(func.disruption_pc)) {
      disruption_pc = func.disruption_pc
    }
    label_map = {}
    idx = 0
    while (idx < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[idx]
      if (is_text(instr) && !starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
        label_map[instr] = idx
      }
      idx = idx + 1
    }

    reachable = array(num_instr, false)
    stack = [0]
    if (disruption_pc > 0 && disruption_pc < num_instr) {
      stack[] = disruption_pc
    }

    sp = 0
    while (sp < length(stack)) {
      idx = stack[sp]
      sp = sp + 1

      if (idx < 0 || idx >= num_instr || reachable[idx]) {
        continue
      }
      reachable[idx] = true
      instr = instructions[idx]

      if (!is_array(instr)) {
        stack[] = idx + 1
        continue
      }

      op = instr[0]
      if (op == "jump") {
        tgt = label_map[instr[1]]
        if (is_number(tgt)) stack[] = tgt
        continue
      }
      if (is_cond_jump(op)) {
        tgt = label_map[instr[2]]
        if (is_number(tgt)) stack[] = tgt
        stack[] = idx + 1
        continue
      }
      if (op == "return" || op == "disrupt") {
        continue
      }
      stack[] = idx + 1
    }

    idx = 0
    while (idx < num_instr) {
      if (!reachable[idx] && is_array(instructions[idx]) && (disruption_pc < 0 || idx >= disruption_pc)) {
        nc = nc + 1
        instructions[idx] = "_nop_ucfg_" + text(nc)
      }
      idx = idx + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: eliminate_dead_jumps — jump to next label → nop
  // =========================================================
  var eliminate_dead_jumps = function(func, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var nc = 0
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var instr = null
    var target_label = null
    var peek = null
    var events = null

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    if (log != null && log.events != null) {
      events = log.events
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "jump") {
        target_label = instr[1]
        j = i + 1
        while (j < num_instr) {
          peek = instructions[j]
          if (is_text(peek)) {
            if (starts_with(peek, "_nop_")) {
              j = j + 1
              continue
            }
            if (peek == target_label) {
              nc = nc + 1
              instructions[i] = "_nop_dj_" + text(nc)
              if (events != null) {
                events[] = {
                  event: "rewrite", pass: "eliminate_dead_jumps",
                  rule: "jump_to_next", at: i,
                  before: instr, after: instructions[i],
                  why: {label: target_label}
                }
              }
            }
            break
          }
          if (is_array(peek)) {
            break
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: compress_slots — linear-scan register allocation
  // Reuses slots with non-overlapping live ranges to reduce
  // nr_slots. Mirrors mcode_compress_regs from mach.c.
  // Works across all functions for captured-slot tracking.
  // =========================================================

  // Which instruction positions hold slot references (special cases)
  var slot_idx_special = {
    get: [1], put: [1],
    access: [1], int: [1], function: [1], regexp: [1],
    true: [1], false: [1], null: [1],
    record: [1], array: [1],
    invoke: [1, 2], tail_invoke: [1, 2],
    goinvoke: [1],
    setarg: [1, 3],
    frame: [1, 2], goframe: [1, 2],
    jump: [], disrupt: [],
    jump_true: [1], jump_false: [1], jump_not_null: [1],
    wary_true: [1], wary_false: [1], jump_null: [1], jump_empty: [1],
    return: [1],
    stone_text: [1]
  }

  var get_slot_refs = function(instr) {
    var special = slot_idx_special[instr[0]]
    var result = null
    var j = 0
    var limit = 0
    if (special != null) return special
    result = []
    limit = length(instr) - 2
    j = 1
    while (j < limit) {
      if (is_number(instr[j])) result[] = j
      j = j + 1
    }
    return result
  }

  // DEF/USE classification: which instruction positions are definitions vs uses
  var slot_def_special = {
    get: [1], put: [], access: [1], int: [1], function: [1], regexp: [1],
    true: [1], false: [1], null: [1], record: [1], array: [1],
    invoke: [2], tail_invoke: [2], goinvoke: [],
    move: [1], load_field: [1], load_index: [1], load_dynamic: [1],
    pop: [1], frame: [1], goframe: [1],
    setarg: [], store_field: [], store_index: [], store_dynamic: [],
    push: [], set_var: [], stone_text: [],
    jump: [], jump_true: [], jump_false: [], jump_not_null: [],
    wary_true: [], wary_false: [], jump_null: [], jump_empty: [],
    return: [], disrupt: []
  }

  var slot_use_special = {
    get: [], put: [1], access: [], int: [], function: [], regexp: [],
    true: [], false: [], null: [], record: [], array: [],
    invoke: [1], tail_invoke: [1], goinvoke: [1],
    move: [2], load_field: [2], load_index: [2, 3], load_dynamic: [2, 3],
    pop: [2], frame: [2], goframe: [2],
    setarg: [1, 3], store_field: [1, 3], store_index: [1, 2, 3],
    store_dynamic: [1, 2, 3],
    push: [1, 2], set_var: [1], stone_text: [1],
    jump: [], jump_true: [1], jump_false: [1], jump_not_null: [1],
    wary_true: [1], wary_false: [1], jump_null: [1], jump_empty: [1],
    return: [1], disrupt: []
  }

  var get_slot_defs = function(instr) {
    var special = slot_def_special[instr[0]]
    if (special != null) return special
    return [1]
  }

  var get_slot_uses = function(instr) {
    var special = slot_use_special[instr[0]]
    var result = null
    var j = 0
    var limit = 0
    if (special != null) return special
    result = []
    limit = length(instr) - 2
    j = 2
    while (j < limit) {
      if (is_number(instr[j])) result[] = j
      j = j + 1
    }
    return result
  }

  var compress_one_fn = function(func, captured_slots) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_slots = func.nr_slots
    var nr_args = func.nr_args != null ? func.nr_args : 0
    var n = 0
    var pinned = 0
    var first_ref = null
    var last_ref = null
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var k = 0
    var s = 0
    var instr = null
    var refs = null
    var op = null
    var target = null
    var tpos = 0
    var changed = false
    var label_map = null
    var live_slots = null
    var live_first = null
    var live_last = null
    var cnt = 0
    var key_s = 0
    var key_f = 0
    var key_l = 0
    var remap = null
    var pool = null
    var next_phys = 0
    var active_phys = null
    var active_last = null
    var phys = 0
    var mi = 0
    var new_max = 0
    var old_val = 0
    var new_active_phys = null
    var new_active_last = null
    var new_pool = null

    if (instructions == null || !is_number(nr_slots) || nr_slots <= 1) return null
    n = length(instructions)
    pinned = 1 + nr_args

    // Step 1: build live ranges
    first_ref = array(nr_slots, -1)
    last_ref = array(nr_slots, -1)

    // Pin this + args
    k = 0
    while (k < pinned) {
      first_ref[k] = 0
      last_ref[k] = n
      k = k + 1
    }

    // Scan instructions for slot references
    i = 0
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        refs = get_slot_refs(instr)
        j = 0
        while (j < length(refs)) {
          s = instr[refs[j]]
          if (is_number(s) && s >= 0 && s < nr_slots) {
            if (first_ref[s] < 0) first_ref[s] = i
            last_ref[s] = i
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Pin captured slots (AFTER scan so last_ref isn't overwritten)
    if (captured_slots != null) {
      k = 0
      while (k < length(captured_slots)) {
        s = captured_slots[k]
        if (s >= 0 && s < nr_slots) {
          if (first_ref[s] < 0) first_ref[s] = 0
          last_ref[s] = n
        }
        k = k + 1
      }
    }

    // Step 1b: extend for backward jumps (loops)
    label_map = {}
    i = 0
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_text(instr) && !starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
        label_map[instr] = i
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    changed = true
    while (changed) {
      changed = false
      i = 0
      while (i < n) {
        instr = instructions[i]
        if (!is_array(instr)) {
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        op = instr[0]
        target = null
        if (op == "jump") {
          target = instr[1]
        } else if (is_cond_jump(op)) {
          target = instr[2]
        }
        if (target == null || !is_text(target)) {
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        tpos = label_map[target]
        if (tpos == null || tpos >= i) {
          i = i + 1
          continue
        }
        // Backward jump: extend slots live into loop
        s = pinned
        while (s < nr_slots) {
          if (first_ref[s] >= 0 && first_ref[s] < tpos && last_ref[s] >= tpos && last_ref[s] < i) {
            last_ref[s] = i
            changed = true
          }
          s = s + 1
        }
        i = i + 1
      }
    }

    // Step 2: sort live intervals by first_ref
    live_slots = []
    live_first = []
    live_last = []
    s = pinned
    while (s < nr_slots) {
      if (first_ref[s] >= 0) {
        live_slots[] = s
        live_first[] = first_ref[s]
        live_last[] = last_ref[s]
      }
      s = s + 1
    }

    cnt = length(live_slots)
    i = 1
    while (i < cnt) {
      key_s = live_slots[i]
      key_f = live_first[i]
      key_l = live_last[i]
      j = i - 1
      while (j >= 0 && (live_first[j] > key_f || (live_first[j] == key_f && live_slots[j] > key_s))) {
        live_slots[j + 1] = live_slots[j]
        live_first[j + 1] = live_first[j]
        live_last[j + 1] = live_last[j]
        j = j - 1
      }
      live_slots[j + 1] = key_s
      live_first[j + 1] = key_f
      live_last[j + 1] = key_l
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Linear-scan allocation
    remap = array(nr_slots)
    s = 0
    while (s < nr_slots) {
      remap[s] = s
      s = s + 1
    }

    pool = []
    next_phys = pinned
    active_phys = []
    active_last = []

    i = 0
    while (i < cnt) {
      // Expire intervals whose last < live_first[i]
      new_active_phys = []
      new_active_last = []
      j = 0
      while (j < length(active_phys)) {
        if (active_last[j] < live_first[i]) {
          pool[] = active_phys[j]
        } else {
          new_active_phys[] = active_phys[j]
          new_active_last[] = active_last[j]
        }
        j = j + 1
      }
      active_phys = new_active_phys
      active_last = new_active_last

      // Pick lowest available physical register
      if (length(pool) > 0) {
        mi = 0
        j = 1
        while (j < length(pool)) {
          if (pool[j] < pool[mi]) mi = j
          j = j + 1
        }
        phys = pool[mi]
        new_pool = []
        j = 0
        while (j < length(pool)) {
          if (j != mi) new_pool[] = pool[j]
          j = j + 1
        }
        pool = new_pool
      } else {
        phys = next_phys
        next_phys = next_phys + 1
      }

      remap[live_slots[i]] = phys
      active_phys[] = phys
      active_last[] = live_last[i]
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Compute new nr_slots
    new_max = pinned
    s = 0
    while (s < nr_slots) {
      if (first_ref[s] >= 0 && remap[s] >= new_max) {
        new_max = remap[s] + 1
      }
      s = s + 1
    }

    if (new_max >= nr_slots) return null

    // Step 3: apply remap to instructions
    i = 0
    while (i < n) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        refs = get_slot_refs(instr)
        j = 0
        while (j < length(refs)) {
          old_val = instr[refs[j]]
          if (is_number(old_val) && old_val >= 0 && old_val < nr_slots) {
            instr[refs[j]] = remap[old_val]
          }
          j = j + 1
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    func.nr_slots = new_max
    return remap
  }

  var compress_slots = function(ir) {
    if (ir == null || ir.main == null) return null
    var functions = ir.functions != null ? ir.functions : []
    var func_count = length(functions)
    var parent_of = null
    var captured = null
    var remaps = null
    var remap_sizes = null
    var instrs = null
    var instr = null
    var child_idx = 0
    var parent_slot = 0
    var level = 0
    var ancestor = 0
    var caps = null
    var found = false
    var anc_remap = null
    var old_slot = 0
    var max_close = null
    var needed = 0
    var fi = 0
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var k = 0

    // Build parent_of: parent_of[i] = parent index, func_count = main
    parent_of = array(func_count, -1)

    // Scan main for function instructions
    if (ir.main != null && ir.main.instructions != null) {
      instrs = ir.main.instructions
      i = 0
      while (i < length(instrs)) {
        instr = instrs[i]
        if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "function") {
          child_idx = instr[2]
          if (child_idx >= 0 && child_idx < func_count) {
            parent_of[child_idx] = func_count
          }
        }
        i = i + 1
      }
    }

    // Scan each function for function instructions
    fi = 0
    while (fi < func_count) {
      instrs = functions[fi].instructions
      if (instrs != null) {
        i = 0
        while (i < length(instrs)) {
          instr = instrs[i]
          if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "function") {
            child_idx = instr[2]
            if (child_idx >= 0 && child_idx < func_count) {
              parent_of[child_idx] = fi
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }

    // Build captured slots per function
    captured = array(func_count + 1)
    i = 0
    while (i < func_count + 1) {
      captured[i] = []
      i = i + 1
    }

    fi = 0
    while (fi < func_count) {
      instrs = functions[fi].instructions
      if (instrs != null) {
        i = 0
        while (i < length(instrs)) {
          instr = instrs[i]
          if (is_array(instr) && (instr[0] == "get" || instr[0] == "put")) {
            parent_slot = instr[2]
            level = instr[3]
            ancestor = fi
            j = 0
            while (j < level && ancestor >= 0) {
              ancestor = parent_of[ancestor]
              j = j + 1
            }
            if (ancestor >= 0) {
              caps = captured[ancestor]
              found = false
              k = 0
              while (k < length(caps)) {
                if (caps[k] == parent_slot) {
                  found = true
                  k = length(caps)
                }
                k = k + 1
              }
              if (!found) caps[] = parent_slot
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }

    // Compress each function and save remap tables
    remaps = array(func_count + 1)
    remap_sizes = array(func_count + 1, 0)

    fi = 0
    while (fi < func_count) {
      remap_sizes[fi] = functions[fi].nr_slots
      remaps[fi] = compress_one_fn(functions[fi], captured[fi])
      fi = fi + 1
    }

    if (ir.main != null) {
      remap_sizes[func_count] = ir.main.nr_slots
      remaps[func_count] = compress_one_fn(ir.main, captured[func_count])
    }

    // Fix get/put parent_slot references using ancestor remap tables
    // and track the max close slot per ancestor for nr_close_slots update
    max_close = array(func_count + 1, -1)
    fi = 0
    while (fi < func_count) {
      instrs = functions[fi].instructions
      if (instrs != null) {
        i = 0
        while (i < length(instrs)) {
          instr = instrs[i]
          if (is_array(instr) && (instr[0] == "get" || instr[0] == "put")) {
            level = instr[3]
            ancestor = fi
            j = 0
            while (j < level && ancestor >= 0) {
              ancestor = parent_of[ancestor]
              j = j + 1
            }
            if (ancestor >= 0 && remaps[ancestor] != null) {
              anc_remap = remaps[ancestor]
              old_slot = instr[2]
              if (old_slot >= 0 && old_slot < remap_sizes[ancestor]) {
                instr[2] = anc_remap[old_slot]
              }
            }
            if (ancestor >= 0 && instr[2] > max_close[ancestor]) {
              max_close[ancestor] = instr[2]
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }

    // Update nr_close_slots for functions whose close slots were remapped.
    // Frame shortening keeps 1 + nr_args + nr_close_slots slots, so
    // nr_close_slots must cover the highest-numbered close slot.
    fi = 0
    while (fi < func_count) {
      if (max_close[fi] >= 0) {
        needed = max_close[fi] - (functions[fi].nr_args != null ? functions[fi].nr_args : 0)
        if (needed > functions[fi].nr_close_slots) {
          functions[fi].nr_close_slots = needed
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }
    if (max_close[func_count] >= 0 && ir.main != null) {
      needed = max_close[func_count] - (ir.main.nr_args != null ? ir.main.nr_args : 0)
      if (needed > ir.main.nr_close_slots) {
        ir.main.nr_close_slots = needed
      }
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pre-pass: mark closure-written slots
  // Scans child functions for 'put' instructions and annotates
  // the target ancestor func with closure_written[slot] = true.
  // =========================================================
  var mark_closure_writes = function(ir) {
    var functions = ir.functions != null ? ir.functions : []
    var fc = length(functions)
    var parent_of = array(fc, -1)
    var instrs = null
    var instr = null
    var fi = 0
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var level = 0
    var anc = 0
    var slot = 0
    var target = null

    if (fc == 0) {
      return null
    }

    // Build parent_of map
    if (ir.main != null && ir.main.instructions != null) {
      instrs = ir.main.instructions
      i = 0
      while (i < length(instrs)) {
        instr = instrs[i]
        if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "function") {
          if (instr[2] >= 0 && instr[2] < fc) {
            parent_of[instr[2]] = fc
          }
        }
        i = i + 1
      }
    }
    fi = 0
    while (fi < fc) {
      instrs = functions[fi].instructions
      if (instrs != null) {
        i = 0
        while (i < length(instrs)) {
          instr = instrs[i]
          if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "function") {
            if (instr[2] >= 0 && instr[2] < fc) {
              parent_of[instr[2]] = fi
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }

    // Scan for 'put' instructions and mark ancestor slots
    fi = 0
    while (fi < fc) {
      instrs = functions[fi].instructions
      if (instrs != null) {
        i = 0
        while (i < length(instrs)) {
          instr = instrs[i]
          if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "put") {
            slot = instr[2]
            level = instr[3]
            anc = fi
            j = 0
            while (j < level && anc >= 0) {
              anc = parent_of[anc]
              j = j + 1
            }
            if (anc >= 0) {
              if (anc == fc) {
                target = ir.main
              } else {
                target = functions[anc]
              }
              if (target != null) {
                if (target.closure_written == null) {
                  target.closure_written = {}
                }
                target.closure_written[text(slot)] = true
              }
            }
          }
          i = i + 1
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }
    ir._parent_of = parent_of
    ir._parent_fc = fc
    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Resolve closure slot types from parent write_types.
  // For each `get` in func, walk the parent chain and look up
  // the ancestor's inferred write type for that closure slot.
  // =========================================================
  var resolve_closure_types = function(func, fi, ir) {
    var parent_of = ir._parent_of
    var fc = ir._parent_fc
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var closure_types = null
    var i = 0
    var instr = null
    var slot = 0
    var depth = 0
    var anc = 0
    var j = 0
    var target = null
    var typ = null
    var key = null

    if (instructions == null || parent_of == null) {
      return null
    }

    num_instr = length(instructions)
    closure_types = {}
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr) && instr[0] == "get") {
        slot = instr[2]
        depth = instr[3]
        key = text(slot) + "_" + text(depth)
        if (closure_types[key] == null) {
          anc = fi
          j = 0
          while (j < depth && anc >= 0) {
            anc = parent_of[anc]
            j = j + 1
          }
          if (anc >= 0) {
            if (anc == fc) {
              target = ir.main
            } else {
              target = ir.functions[anc]
            }
            if (target != null && target._write_types != null) {
              typ = target._write_types[slot]
              if (typ != null) {
                closure_types[key] = typ
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    func._closure_slot_types = closure_types
    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: diagnose_function — emit diagnostics from type info
  // Runs after dead code elimination on surviving instructions.
  // =========================================================
  var diagnose_function = function(func, ctx, ir) {
    var param_types = ctx.param_types
    var write_types = ctx.write_types
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var nr_args = func.nr_args != null ? func.nr_args : 0
    var num_instr = 0
    var base_types = null
    var cur_types = null
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var n = 0
    var line = 0
    var col = 0
    var known = null
    var filename = ir.filename != null ? ir.filename : "<unknown>"
    var frame_callee = {}
    var frame_argc = {}
    var callee_slot = null
    var obj_type = null
    var key_type = null
    var module_slots = {}
    var slot_arity = {}
    var ms_i = 0
    var ms = null
    var exp_info = null
    var f_slot_key = null
    var cs = null
    var argc = null
    var known_arity = null
    var load_field_null = false

    // Build module_slots map from ir._module_summaries
    if (ir._module_summaries != null) {
      ms_i = 0
      while (ms_i < length(ir._module_summaries)) {
        ms = ir._module_summaries[ms_i]
        module_slots[text(ms.slot)] = ms.summary
        ms_i = ms_i + 1
      }
    }

    if (instructions == null || length(instructions) == 0) return null

    num_instr = length(instructions)

    // Pre-compute base types from params + write-invariant types
    base_types = array(func.nr_slots)
    j = 1
    while (j <= nr_args) {
      if (param_types != null && param_types[j] != null) {
        base_types[j] = param_types[j]
      }
      j = j + 1
    }
    if (write_types != null) {
      j = 0
      while (j < length(write_types)) {
        if (write_types[j] != null) {
          base_types[j] = write_types[j]
        }
        j = j + 1
      }
    }

    cur_types = array(base_types)

    var emit = function(severity, line, col, message) {
      ir._diagnostics[] = {
        severity: severity,
        file: filename,
        line: line,
        col: col,
        message: message
      }
    }

    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]

      if (is_text(instr)) {
        // Label — reset types to base
        if (!starts_with(instr, "_nop_")) {
          cur_types = array(base_types)
        }
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      if (!is_array(instr)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      op = instr[0]
      n = length(instr)
      line = instr[n - 2]
      col = instr[n - 1]

      // Track frame/invoke correlation
      if (op == "frame" || op == "goframe") {
        frame_callee[text(instr[1])] = instr[2]
        if (n > 4) {
          frame_argc[text(instr[1])] = instr[3]
        }
      }

      // --- Error checks (proven to always disrupt) ---

      if (op == "frame" || op == "goframe") {
        callee_slot = instr[2]
        known = cur_types[callee_slot]
        if (known == T_NULL) {
          emit("error", line, col, "invoking null — will always disrupt")
        } else if (known != null && known != T_UNKNOWN && known != T_FUNCTION && known != T_RECORD) {
          emit("error", line, col, `invoking ${known} — will always disrupt`)
        }
      }

      if (op == "invoke" || op == "tail_invoke") {
        f_slot_key = text(instr[1])
        cs = frame_callee[f_slot_key]
        argc = frame_argc[f_slot_key]
        if (cs != null && argc != null) {
          known_arity = slot_arity[text(cs)]
          if (known_arity != null) {
            if (argc > known_arity) {
              emit("error", line, col, `function expects ${text(known_arity)} args, called with ${text(argc)}`)
            } else if (argc < known_arity) {
              emit("warning", line, col, `function expects ${text(known_arity)} args, called with ${text(argc)}`)
            }
          }
        }
      }

      if (op == "store_field") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[1]]
        if (obj_type == T_TEXT) {
          emit("error", line, col, "storing property on text — text is immutable")
        } else if (obj_type == T_ARRAY) {
          emit("error", line, col, "storing named property on array — use index or push")
        }
      }

      if (op == "store_index") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[1]]
        if (obj_type == T_TEXT) {
          emit("error", line, col, "storing index on text — text is immutable")
        } else if (obj_type == T_RECORD) {
          emit("error", line, col, "storing numeric index on record — use text key")
        }
      }

      if (op == "store_dynamic") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[1]]
        if (obj_type == T_TEXT) {
          emit("error", line, col, "storing on text — text is immutable")
        }
      }

      if (op == "push") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[1]]
        if (obj_type != null && obj_type != T_UNKNOWN && obj_type != T_ARRAY) {
          emit("error", line, col, `push on ${obj_type} — only arrays support push`)
        }
      }

      // Note: arithmetic (add/subtract/etc), bitwise, and concat ops are NOT
      // checked here because the mcode generator emits type-dispatch guards
      // before these instructions. The guards ensure correct types at runtime.

      // --- Warning checks (likely bug) ---

      load_field_null = false
      if (op == "load_field") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[2]]
        if (obj_type == T_ARRAY) {
          emit("warning", line, col, "named property access on array — always returns null")
          load_field_null = true
        } else if (obj_type == T_TEXT) {
          emit("warning", line, col, "named property access on text — always returns null")
          load_field_null = true
        }
        // Cross-module: check if obj is a module with known exports
        ms = module_slots[text(instr[2])]
        if (ms != null && ms.exports != null && is_text(instr[3])) {
          exp_info = ms.exports[instr[3]]
          if (exp_info == null) {
            emit("warning", line, col, `module does not export '${instr[3]}'`)
          } else if (exp_info.type == "function") {
            cur_types[instr[1]] = T_FUNCTION
            slot_arity[text(instr[1])] = exp_info.arity
          }
        }
      }

      if (op == "load_dynamic") {
        obj_type = cur_types[instr[2]]
        key_type = cur_types[instr[3]]
        if (obj_type == T_ARRAY && key_type == T_TEXT) {
          emit("warning", line, col, "text key on array — always returns null")
        }
        if (obj_type == T_TEXT && key_type != null && key_type != T_UNKNOWN && key_type != T_INT) {
          emit("warning", line, col, `${key_type} key on text — requires integer index`)
        }
        if (obj_type == T_RECORD && key_type != null && key_type != T_UNKNOWN && key_type != T_TEXT) {
          emit("warning", line, col, `${key_type} key on record — requires text key`)
        }
      }

      // Update types for this instruction
      track_types(cur_types, instr)

      // Override: load_field on array/text always returns null
      if (load_field_null) {
        cur_types[instr[1]] = T_NULL
      }

      i = i + 1
    }

    return null
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Sensory function IR synthesis for callback inlining
  // =========================================================
  var sensory_opcodes = {
    is_array: "is_array", is_function: "is_func", is_object: "is_record",
    is_stone: "is_stone", is_integer: "is_int", is_text: "is_text",
    is_number: "is_num", is_logical: "is_bool", is_null: "is_null",
    is_blob: "is_blob", is_data: "is_data",
    is_true: "is_true", is_false: "is_false", is_fit: "is_fit",
    is_character: "is_char", is_digit: "is_digit", is_letter: "is_letter",
    is_lower: "is_lower", is_upper: "is_upper", is_whitespace: "is_ws",
    is_actor: "is_actor", length: "length"
  }

  var make_sensory_ir = function(name) {
    var opcode = sensory_opcodes[name]
    if (opcode == null) return null
    return {
      name: name, nr_args: 1, nr_close_slots: 0, nr_slots: 3,
      instructions: [[opcode, 2, 1, 0, 0], ["return", 2, 0, 0]]
    }
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Inline eligibility check
  // =========================================================
  var prefer_inline_set = {
    filter: true, every: true, some: true, arrfor: true,
    reduce: true, array: true
  }

  // Structural eligibility: closures, get/put, disruption, nested functions
  var can_inline_structural = function(callee_func) {
    var instrs = null
    var i = 0
    var instr = null
    if (callee_func.nr_close_slots > 0) return false
    instrs = callee_func.instructions
    if (instrs == null) return false
    i = 0
    while (i < length(instrs)) {
      instr = instrs[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        if (instr[0] == "get" || instr[0] == "put") {
          return false
        }
        // Reject if function creates child functions (closures may capture
        // from the inlined frame, breaking get/put slot references)
        if (instr[0] == "function") {
          return false
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }
    if (callee_func.disruption_pc != null && callee_func.disruption_pc > 0) {
      return false
    }
    return true
  }

  // Size eligibility: instruction count check
  var can_inline_size = function(callee_func, is_prefer) {
    var instrs = callee_func.instructions
    var count = 0
    var i = 0
    var limit = 0
    if (instrs == null) return false
    i = 0
    while (i < length(instrs)) {
      if (is_array(instrs[i])) count = count + 1
      i = i + 1
    }
    limit = is_prefer ? 200 : 40
    return count <= limit
  }

  var can_inline = function(callee_func, is_prefer) {
    if (!can_inline_structural(callee_func)) return false
    return can_inline_size(callee_func, is_prefer)
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Pass: inline_calls — inline same-module + sensory functions
  // =========================================================
  var inline_counter = 0

  var inline_calls = function(func, ir, log) {
    var instructions = func.instructions
    var num_instr = 0
    var i = 0
    var j = 0
    var k = 0
    var instr = null
    var op = null
    var changed = false
    var inline_count = 0
    var max_inlines = 20
    var slot_to_func_idx = {}
    var slot_to_intrinsic = {}
    var callee_slot = 0
    var frame_slot = 0
    var argc = 0
    var result_slot = 0
    var call_start = 0
    var call_end = 0
    var arg_slots = null
    var callee_func = null
    var is_prefer = false
    var base = 0
    var remap = null
    var cinstr = null
    var cop = null
    var new_instr = null
    var refs = null
    var label_prefix = null
    var cont_label = null
    var spliced = null
    var before = null
    var after = null
    var inlined_body = null
    var fi = null
    var intrinsic_name = null
    var is_single_use = false
    var ref_count = 0
    var ri = 0

    if (instructions == null) return false
    num_instr = length(instructions)
    if (num_instr == 0) return false

    // Build resolution maps
    i = 0
    while (i < num_instr) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (is_array(instr)) {
        op = instr[0]
        if (op == "function") {
          slot_to_func_idx[text(instr[1])] = instr[2]
        } else if (op == "access" && is_object(instr[2]) && instr[2].make == "intrinsic") {
          slot_to_intrinsic[text(instr[1])] = instr[2].name
        }
      }
      i = i + 1
    }

    // Scan for frame/setarg/invoke sequences and inline
    i = 0
    while (i < length(instructions)) {
      instr = instructions[i]
      if (!is_array(instr) || instr[0] != "frame") {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }
      if (inline_count >= max_inlines) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      frame_slot = instr[1]
      callee_slot = instr[2]
      argc = instr[3]
      call_start = i

      // Collect setarg and find invoke
      arg_slots = array(argc + 1, -1)
      j = i + 1
      call_end = -1
      while (j < length(instructions)) {
        instr = instructions[j]
        if (!is_array(instr)) {
          j = j + 1
          continue
        }
        op = instr[0]
        if (op == "setarg" && instr[1] == frame_slot) {
          arg_slots[instr[2]] = instr[3]
        } else if ((op == "invoke" || op == "tail_invoke") && instr[1] == frame_slot) {
          result_slot = instr[2]
          call_end = j
          j = j + 1
          break
        } else if (op == "frame" || op == "goframe") {
          // Another frame before invoke — abort this pattern
          break
        }
        j = j + 1
      }

      if (call_end < 0) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Resolve callee
      callee_func = null
      is_prefer = false

      fi = slot_to_func_idx[text(callee_slot)]
      if (fi != null && ir.functions != null && fi >= 0 && fi < length(ir.functions)) {
        callee_func = ir.functions[fi]
      }

      if (callee_func == null) {
        intrinsic_name = slot_to_intrinsic[text(callee_slot)]
        if (intrinsic_name != null) {
          if (sensory_opcodes[intrinsic_name] != null) {
            callee_func = make_sensory_ir(intrinsic_name)
          }
          if (callee_func != null) {
            is_prefer = true
          }
        }
      }

      if (callee_func == null) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Check if callee is a single-use function literal — skip size limit
      is_single_use = false
      if (fi != null) {
        ref_count = 0
        ri = 0
        while (ri < length(instructions)) {
          if (is_array(instructions[ri])) {
            // Count frame instructions that use this slot as callee (position 2)
            if (instructions[ri][0] == "frame" && instructions[ri][2] == callee_slot) {
              ref_count = ref_count + 1
            }
            // Also count setarg where slot is passed as value (position 3)
            if (instructions[ri][0] == "setarg" && instructions[ri][3] == callee_slot) {
              ref_count = ref_count + 1
            }
          }
          ri = ri + 1
        }
        if (ref_count <= 1) is_single_use = true
      }

      // Check eligibility
      if (!can_inline_structural(callee_func)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }
      if (!is_single_use && !can_inline_size(callee_func, is_prefer)) {
        i = i + 1
        continue
      }

      // Slot remapping
      base = func.nr_slots
      func.nr_slots = func.nr_slots + callee_func.nr_slots
      remap = array(callee_func.nr_slots, -1)

      // Slot 0 (this) → arg_slots[0] if provided, else allocate a null slot
      if (length(arg_slots) > 0 && arg_slots[0] >= 0) {
        remap[0] = arg_slots[0]
      } else {
        remap[0] = base
      }

      // Params 1..nr_args → corresponding arg_slots
      j = 1
      while (j <= callee_func.nr_args) {
        if (j < length(arg_slots) && arg_slots[j] >= 0) {
          remap[j] = arg_slots[j]
        } else {
          remap[j] = base + j
        }
        j = j + 1
      }

      // Temporaries → fresh slots
      j = callee_func.nr_args + 1
      while (j < callee_func.nr_slots) {
        remap[j] = base + j
        j = j + 1
      }

      // Generate unique label prefix
      inline_counter = inline_counter + 1
      label_prefix = "_inl" + text(inline_counter) + "_"
      cont_label = label_prefix + "cont"

      // Build inlined body with remapping
      // Unmapped params (e.g. caller passes 1 arg to a 2-param function)
      // must be explicitly nulled. compress_slots may merge the fresh
      // slot (base+j) with a previously-live slot that holds a non-null
      // value, so the default-param jump_not_null preamble would skip
      // the default assignment and use a stale value instead.
      inlined_body = []
      j = 0
      while (j <= callee_func.nr_args) {
        if (!(j < length(arg_slots) && arg_slots[j] >= 0)) {
          inlined_body[] = ["null", remap[j], 0, 0]
        }
        j = j + 1
      }
      k = 0
      while (k < length(callee_func.instructions)) {
        cinstr = callee_func.instructions[k]

        // Labels (strings that aren't nop markers)
        if (is_text(cinstr)) {
          if (starts_with(cinstr, "_nop_")) {
            inlined_body[] = cinstr
          } else {
            inlined_body[] = label_prefix + cinstr
          }
          k = k + 1
          continue
        }

        if (!is_array(cinstr)) {
          inlined_body[] = cinstr
          k = k + 1
          continue
        }

        cop = cinstr[0]

        // Handle return → move + jump to continuation
        if (cop == "return") {
          new_instr = ["move", result_slot, remap[cinstr[1]], cinstr[2], cinstr[3]]
          inlined_body[] = new_instr
          inlined_body[] = ["jump", cont_label, cinstr[2], cinstr[3]]
          k = k + 1
          continue
        }

        // Clone and remap the instruction
        new_instr = array(cinstr)
        refs = get_slot_refs(cinstr)
        j = 0
        while (j < length(refs)) {
          if (new_instr[refs[j]] >= 0 && new_instr[refs[j]] < length(remap)) {
            new_instr[refs[j]] = remap[new_instr[refs[j]]]
          }
          j = j + 1
        }

        // Remap labels in jump instructions
        if (cop == "jump" && is_text(cinstr[1]) && !starts_with(cinstr[1], "_nop_")) {
          new_instr[1] = label_prefix + cinstr[1]
        } else if (is_cond_jump(cop)
            && is_text(cinstr[2]) && !starts_with(cinstr[2], "_nop_")) {
          new_instr[2] = label_prefix + cinstr[2]
        }

        // Skip function instructions (don't inline nested function definitions)
        if (cop == "function") {
          // Keep the instruction but don't remap func_id — it still refers to ir.functions
          // Only remap slot position 1 (the destination slot)
          new_instr = array(cinstr)
          if (cinstr[1] >= 0 && cinstr[1] < length(remap)) {
            new_instr[1] = remap[cinstr[1]]
          }
        }

        inlined_body[] = new_instr
        k = k + 1
      }

      // Add continuation label
      inlined_body[] = cont_label

      // Splice: replace instructions[call_start..call_end] with inlined_body
      before = array(instructions, 0, call_start)
      after = array(instructions, call_end + 1, length(instructions))
      spliced = array(before, inlined_body)
      instructions = array(spliced, after)
      func.instructions = instructions

      changed = true
      inline_count = inline_count + 1

      // Continue scanning from after the inlined body
      i = call_start + length(inlined_body)
    }

    return changed
  }

  // =========================================================
  // Compose all passes
  // =========================================================
  var optimize_function = function(func, log) {
    var param_types = null
    var write_types = null
    var slot_types = null
    var run_cycle = function(suffix) {
      var name = null
      if (param_types == null) {
        name = "infer_param_types" + suffix
        run_pass(func, name, function() {
          param_types = infer_param_types(func)
          return param_types
        })
        if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)
      }

      name = "infer_slot_write_types" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        write_types = infer_slot_write_types(func, param_types)
        return write_types
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "eliminate_type_checks" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        slot_types = eliminate_type_checks(func, param_types, write_types, log)
        return slot_types
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      if (log != null && log.type_deltas != null && slot_types != null) {
        log.type_deltas[] = {
          fn: func.name,
          cycle: suffix == "" ? 1 : 2,
          param_types: param_types,
          slot_types: slot_types
        }
      }

      name = "simplify_algebra" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return simplify_algebra(func, log)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "simplify_booleans" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return simplify_booleans(func, log)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "eliminate_moves" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return eliminate_moves(func, log)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "eliminate_unreachable" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return eliminate_unreachable(func)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "eliminate_dead_jumps" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return eliminate_dead_jumps(func, log)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)

      name = "eliminate_unreachable_cfg" + suffix
      run_pass(func, name, function() {
        return eliminate_unreachable_cfg(func)
      })
      if (verify_fn) verify_fn(func, "after " + name)
      return null
    }

    if (func.instructions == null || length(func.instructions) == 0) {
      return null
    }

    run_cycle("")
    run_cycle("_2")
    func._write_types = write_types
    if (ir._warn) {
      diagnose_function(func, {param_types: param_types, write_types: write_types}, ir)
    }
    return null
  }

  // Pre-pass: mark slots written by child closures via 'put' instructions.
  // Without this, infer_slot_write_types would assume those slots keep their
  // initial type (e.g. T_NULL from 'var x = null'), causing the type-check
  // eliminator to mis-optimize comparisons on closure-written variables.
  mark_closure_writes(ir)

  if (ir._warn) {
    ir._diagnostics = []
  }

  // Phase 1: Optimize all functions (bottom-up, existing behavior)
  if (ir.main != null) {
    optimize_function(ir.main, log)
    insert_stone_text(ir.main, log)
  }

  var fi = 0
  if (ir.functions != null) {
    fi = 0
    while (fi < length(ir.functions)) {
      resolve_closure_types(ir.functions[fi], fi, ir)
      optimize_function(ir.functions[fi], log)
      insert_stone_text(ir.functions[fi], log)
      fi = fi + 1
    }
  }

  // Phase 2: Inline pass
  if (ir._no_inline) {
    return ir
  }
  var changed_main = false
  var changed_fns = null
  if (ir.main != null) {
    changed_main = inline_calls(ir.main, ir, log)
  }
  if (ir.functions != null) {
    changed_fns = array(length(ir.functions), false)
    fi = 0
    while (fi < length(ir.functions)) {
      changed_fns[fi] = inline_calls(ir.functions[fi], ir, log)
      fi = fi + 1
    }
  }

  // Phase 3: Re-optimize inlined functions
  if (changed_main) {
    optimize_function(ir.main, log)
    insert_stone_text(ir.main, log)
  }
  if (ir.functions != null) {
    fi = 0
    while (fi < length(ir.functions)) {
      if (changed_fns != null && changed_fns[fi]) {
        optimize_function(ir.functions[fi], log)
        insert_stone_text(ir.functions[fi], log)
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }
  }

  // Phase 4: Cascade — second inline round (callbacks inside inlined bodies)
  if (changed_main) {
    changed_main = inline_calls(ir.main, ir, log)
    if (changed_main) {
      optimize_function(ir.main, log)
      insert_stone_text(ir.main, log)
    }
  }
  if (ir.functions != null) {
    fi = 0
    while (fi < length(ir.functions)) {
      if (changed_fns != null && changed_fns[fi]) {
        changed_fns[fi] = inline_calls(ir.functions[fi], ir, log)
        if (changed_fns[fi]) {
          optimize_function(ir.functions[fi], log)
          insert_stone_text(ir.functions[fi], log)
        }
      }
      fi = fi + 1
    }
  }

  // Phase 5: Compress slots across all functions (must run after per-function passes)
  compress_slots(ir)

  // Expose DEF/USE functions via log if requested
  if (log != null) {
    if (log.request_def_use) {
      log.get_slot_defs = get_slot_defs
      log.get_slot_uses = get_slot_uses
    }
  }

  return ir
}

return streamline